Mktg 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mktg 3000 - Essay Example This research contributes to marketing in a way that it reveals the competition and challenges that small and medium scale businesses would face if they are located nearby any supermarket like Wal-Mart that use innovative techniques for branding and product differentiation and that purchases a large variety of goods in bulk but sells them into smaller quantities. One of the major findings from the research is that the businesses that were located quite closer to the Wal-Mart store have greater vulnerability of going out of business due to intense competition and higher probability of financial losses. Second, the Wal-Mart store did not contribute significantly in market expansion because the economic losses from closures of firms was almost equivalent to economic benefits after opening of Wal-Mart. Next, the employment losses from closures were nearly 300 – 350 workers, whereas Wal-Mart added just around 400 new jobs (including part-time employees. Reference Davis, Julie, Davi d Merriman, Lucia Samayoa, Brian Flanagan, Ron Baiman and Joe Persky â€Å"The Impact of an Urban Wal-Mart Store on Area Businesses: An Evaluation of One Chicago Neighborhood’s Experience† Center for Urban Research and Learning Loyola University Chicago, December 2009 [Online] Available at http://www.charlesvillage.net/walmart-loyola.pdf

Ancient Hero Motifs In Thor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ancient Hero Motifs In Thor - Essay Example Though Robocop is a science fiction, it contains several characteristics of ancient hero motifs enough to place it under the category of ancient movies. Robocop movie contain elements of adventure, hero and others, as well as ending that compares and contrasts it with ancient hero motifs. Lieutenant Murphy is the hero in this movie, and in his role, he acts in a similar manner as the hero in ancient hero motifs. The lieutenant’s obligation is to keep the city safe by getting rid of criminals thereby enhancing the welfare of community members. To accomplish this role he has an inbuilt armor, which consists of guns, flying powers, master key unlock, and computer analysis systems to take commands (Goodman 5). Moreover, children look up to him as their hero who solves crime across the city. They believe that he is real. In a similar way, the hero in ancient stories had one priority, to ensure safety of every member of the community. The hero would have powers, weapons, or techniques to accomplish this task. In ancient movies, everyone in the society looked upon this hero to solve their issues and deliver them from evil opponents. The second factor that shows similarity between Robocop and ancient hero motifs is the opposition from enemies. In ancient stories, there is always an enemy or group of enemies opposing the hero of the story and his activities. In most cases, the enemy would be someone with bad intentions to destroy the community or misuse people in the community (Kerenyi 59). As a result, the enemy will try with all his might to destroy the hero, and at worst attempt to kill him so that the hero does not interfere with his evil activities. In a similar way, lieutenant, who is the hero of the story has enemies. In fact, his enemies are the people who turned him into half him and half machine. Though this company emerged as an organization aiming at rescuing people who have lost hope in life because no medical operation can

Mirrors Essay Example for Free

Mirrors Essay As long as I can remember, I’ve always perceived mirrors as something inimical. To be honest, I hate mirrors most of the time. But, today I’m sitting in front of one, and a beautiful woman is looking back at me. It’s time to fight my fear and hatred, time to look closely at who I am, and to decide who I want to become. It’s time to accept that mirrors exist. I look at my hands at first. Small and white, they are, the hands of the person who never did any hard labor, the musician’s hands. They remind me of all the people I hugged and touched with my smile, of my friends, who are like family members to me. There are quite a lot of people I can recall, as I’ve always been sociable, not afraid to talk to an unfamiliar person. A chatterbox, my Mom calls me. It’s not that I like to talk so much; it is rather that I believe that people should communicate and become closer to make this world better. People are always trying to find and create differences, like races, different religions or sexual preferences. My upbringing has caused me to have a very open minded about life and the world around me. As I brush back my dark brown hair and expose my ears, I am reminded of the music that lives in my soul. Form the early childhood the elegant splendor of the violin hypnotized me, made me forget about everything I knew and felt. Now I’m 22, and I am pursuing my passion to the fullest being enrolled in the conservatory. When I hear music inside me, I feel free, I see myself dancing through the shiny big hall in the candlelight. I have dreamed of being able to dance since I was a child, and, maybe the greatest my dream is to be able to dance. I want to experience the ability to feel the ground move below my feet and the wind upon my face as I elegantly float across the dance floor. When I close my eyes and play my wish becomes reality within my imagination. And than I look into my reflections eyes, the most feared moment in the whole procedure. I still can’t see vivid blue there rather the darkness of my past that became part of my present. When I look into my eyes I always think of thee one, who created me, and who made me who I am. I think of my father, and, like every time I do it, it hurts almost physically. His abusive ways made my life much more complicated and less carefree than it could be. When I think about it I always begin to put useless questions to myself, like: â€Å"What if he hit her differently? What if my mother never talked back that night? † I still can not understand how a person could physically harm someone carrying his unborn child. Nevertheless, what happened remains a fact. It’s unlikely that I will be able to walk at all. In the same time, it is my past that makes me stronger, and is the motivating force behind my thirst for success. The woman in the mirror looks at me smiling, but her eyes are wet. I look at her full lips and recall all of the unspoken words I keep inside myself. In fact, my fear of commitment and falling in love is my biggest challenge in life. I still cannot forgive my father, who left Mom, right after my birth, and I’m just afraid to trust so much, like loving people should trust each other. Nevertheless, I hope that some day I will be ready to accept what the world will give me. I hope I will meet a person whom I will be able to trust, and who will appreciate me for who I am. I strongly believe in love yet seem to know how to give it rather than receive. The clock counts seconds and minutes, and I still look at the women in front of me. She is living, breathing, and often smiling. She is just like everyone else; except for the metal chair that surrounds her. Usually, it is the first element people note when they see me, and the hardest task is not to let their perception of me affect my mentality, and limit my possibilities. I hate the word â€Å"disabled†. Dis-abled means â€Å"not able†, and it’s not about me. I am able to see the world around me, to sing and to smile, to set the goals and reach them, and to inspire people around me. My chair will not be a limitation as I continue to strive for excellence and live a life of great fulfillment.

Water Scarcity in Egypt

Water Scarcity in Egypt Student Name: Gill Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to find the question about fresh water and analyze the fresh water data. In this text, first I will introduce the situation of fresh water in Egypt, and second is to tell you the methodology. The third and forth steps are Findings and Discussion to discuss the water issues in Egypt. Then I will to sum up all above information to write the conclusion. To discuss the problems and solutions of water resources in country Egypt. And analyze the data of the rainfall in every year in Egypt. 1.0 Introduction The purpose of this research is to find out the problem of fresh water scarcity and analyze the information about fresh water scarcity in Egypt. Fresh water is importance for Egypt because this country is located on desertification region and perennial drought. And about 98% of population lives in the most prosperous place, and they need a large number of fresh water to keep their life. China is also a country with severe water. In China, the ranking of freshwater resources is fourth in the world. However China has lots of population, resulting in the per capita water resources is only a quarter of the world average. And I think the water chemistry that may influence water scarcity is the industrial water. Almost all of the aquatic ecosystems in China are good and have fine environment. And now Chinese are improving the aquatic ecosystems be better. In my opinion, the reasons of lack of water in Egypt are the annual rainfall is less and the local population is more. Resulting in the per capita water consumption is less. 2.0 Methodology The plan for achieving research purpose is to evidence my hypothesis of fresh water in Egypt. The data that I got usually researched from Internet and some of them were got from news. The best is some of them have the example charts and detailed explanation that I can reference to my essay. I researched them by the key words fresh water in Egypt. And those articles needed to have writers, and I could do the detailed notes. Usually news articles are truth and valuable and usable, so they are of good quality for use in an academic report, and make my essay with authenticity. 3.0 Findings The two key fresh water issues in Egypt are annual precipitation is low and the per capita water resources are less. And every Egyptian cannot excessive use of water. Because these two issues involve the natural weather causes and the population causes. The potential solution of fresh water cannot choose the best one, but I think the solution is local government positive to improve the management of water resource and the family planning program. And Egypt government can try their best to control the number of population. In Egypt, people have different kinds of water for agriculture, such as Nile water, groundwater, precipitation and agricultural wastewater. Nile water is the mail water resources for Egypt country. Egypt government can get about 55.5 billion meters of water, and about 86% of this water be used to agricultural irrigation. On the groundwater, every year the Egypt government extraction of groundwater about 4.6 billion meters of water. On the precipitation, every year t he rainfall is about 1.5 billion water, however people cannot use the freshwater over than 50%. Egyptian recycling the agricultural wastewater and through purification the wastewater try to use the water again. But this way is in the test and small area application stage. Table: 4.0 Discussion In paragraph introduction my hypothesis are annual rainfall is less and the local population is more to make freshwater to be less in Egypt. Based on the findings text, I will discuss the water resources management by Egypt government. On the management way, Egypt government did a good demonstration. They implement the unified management on water resources. On the price of water for residential use, different live place has different price of water. For example the price of water in high-income residential area is higher than the price of water in low-income residential area. To try they best to save the water resources and reduce losses. However the price of water on the agricultural irrigation is free. Almost all of the agricultural wastewater that be recycled is used to the agricultural irrigation, and usually the groundwater is used to the drink and agriculture. Integrated all of the information, my argument is scientifically logical. Because my argument is based on the many arti cles, all of them think the reasons have the relationship with population and environment issues. After all, these reasons are not artificial, so that they are hardly solved. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation Those evidences that I researched can demonstrate my hypothesis. For example the news data, the data shows Egypt is belong to which climate, and to example why Egypt shortage of water resources. From above text, I got the main reasons for the freshwater shortage in Egypt is population and natural environment. On the solution for fresh water, Egypt government expects recovery the agricultural wastewater and clean is to try to use it again. And they also have another policy for water management. Researchers will detect the quality of the water resources in the fixed time. Resulting in they make the best plan for rational use of water resources. In addition, those scientists are going to expand study on save agricultural irrigation water technology. Thought check the local ecosystem, those scientists try to find the most suitable crop that can live in this harsh environment. Reference List 2014,Egypt:water resources from Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia [Online] Available from: http://globserver.cn/node/37005 [Accessed 28 December 2016] Amir Dakkak (2016), Egypts Water Crisis Recipe for Disaster [Online] Available from: http://www.ecomena.org/egypt-water/[Accessed 28 December 2016] Water resources management and policies for Egypt [Online] Available from: http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd29/policies.pdf [Accessed 28 December 2016] Â   Â   Â  

Human Fall Detection Using Kinect Sensor Essay -- falls, major risk fra

Falls are a major risk in our society which reduces the quality of the life for various people such as the old aged people who are at a higher risk of fall. This has been supported by NICE stating â€Å"Falling is the leading cause of injury-related admissions to hospital in those over 65. â€Å" For that reason various research has been conducted to discover the ideal solution for the dilemma. A variety of solutions has been produced as well, however the issue is still present. Therefore, this project’s research would be based on how another technology device such as Kinect could be used as a solution to the issue. Consequently, throughout the project, the discussion would be based on how the Kinect could play a role in resolving the problem and how the manipulation of the device can create such a tremendous applicability other than the specified purpose of gaming. Project Schedule Previously, in the project specification, a project timeline had been introduced to manage the time effectively for the delivery of the project on time. The timeline had not incorporated sufficient disruption time for the progression of the project which had an effect on the previous timeline that the project is slightly behind the schedule. The previous timeline is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Timeline from project specification. Most of the activity has gone according to the plan or achieved earlier than the allocated date. However, the implementation and testing has not adhered to the project timeline but the progress report has been completed before the allocated date. Implementation and testing has not been started due to the amount of research required for the project in-order to acquire the elementary understanding of how the project should be i... ...astorakis, G. and Makris, D. 2012. Fall detection system using Kinect’s infrared sensor. [e-book] Surrey: Faculty of Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics, Digital Imaging Research Centre. pp. 1-10. Available through: Springer Link http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/704/art%253A10.1007%252Fs11554-012-0246-9.pdf?auth66=1385201938_2821d8c75169ac286da18a72dcc5134c&ext=.pdf [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013]. NICE. 2013. Older patients at high risk of hospital falls. [online] Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/newsroom/news/OlderPatientsHighRiskHospitalFalls.jsp [Accessed: 20 Nov 2013]. Openni.org. 2013. About OpenNI - 3D sensing Technology for depth sensors | OpenNI. [online] Available at: http://www.openni.org/about/ [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013]. Openni.org. 2013. NiTE 2.2.0.11 | OpenNI. [online] Available at: http://www.openni.org/files/nite/ [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

The Character of Meursault in The Stranger (The Outsider) :: Camus Stranger Essays

The Character of Meursault in The Stranger Albert Camus wrote The Stranger during the Existentialist movement, which explains why the main character in the novel, Meursault, is characterized as detached and emotionless, two of the aspects of existentialism. In Meursault, Camus creates a character he intends his readers to relate to, because he creates characters placed in realistic situations. He wants the reader to form a changing, ambiguous opinion of Meursault. From what Meursault narrates to the reader in the novel, the reader can understand why he attempts to find order and understanding in a confused and mystifying world. Camus writes in a simple, direct, and uncomplicated style. The choice of language serves well to convey the thoughts of Meursault. The story is told in the first person and traces the development of the narrator's attitude toward himself and the rest of the world. Through this sort of simple grammatical structure, Camus gives the reader the opportunity to become part of the awareness of Meursault. In Part I, what Meursault decides to mention are just concrete facts. He describes objects and people, but makes no attempt to analyze them. Since he makes no effort to analyze things around him, that job is given to the reader. The reader therefore creates his own meaning for Meursault's actions. When he is forced to confront his past and reflect on his experiences, he attempts to understand the reasons for existence. At first, Meursault makes references to his inability to understand what's happening around him, but often what he tells us seems the result of his own indifferen ce or detachment. He is frequently inattentive to his surroundings. His mind wanders in the middle of conversations. Rarely does he make judgments or express opinions about what he or other characters are doing. Meursault walks through life largely unaware of the effect of his actions on others. Meursault is distant from set plans, ambitions, desires, love, and emotions in general. He has a difficult time with emotions such as regret and compassion. The reader sees the nature of his personality in the first few lines of the novel: "Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don't know." When he hears of the death of his mother through a telegram, he is unattached, and can be considered uncaring.

Demographic Data Interpretation Essay

Using the results from A1, we can see that there is the Black American Female Population has a lower CDR and a higher ISDR than the White American Female Population. As we know CDR does not refer to sub-groups that might better represent the population likely to experience the death, which indicates that it takes no account of the age structure of the population. In fact, the age structure of populations can have substantial effects on crude rates. (CDR= ÃŽ £Pop in age sex group/ Total Population* ASDR) It is obvious that there is a significantly larger proportion of the White American female population in the elder age groups (due to high life expectancy and low exposure to mortality). However, the White American Female Population has a higher CDR at 9.162 than the CDR of the Black American Female at 6.735, therefore, the CDRs we calculated do not accurately account for the age structure of the population. When we have a look at the data for ASDRs, it is obviously that ASDRS of aged 55-85+ of the Black are much higher than the White, however, the respectively number of females population of the White is significantly larger than the Black, around ten times averagely. Therefore, even if the CDR is higher, it does not adequately indicate a higher mortality rate instead of consideration of ASDRs, which is difference in age structures. On the other hand, ISDRsï ¼Ë†the Indirect Standardized Death Rateï ¼â€°of the two populations was 11.479 per 1000 population for the Black American Female Population, compared to the ISDR of the White American Female Population at 9.162 deaths per 1000 population.) Since ISDR is the data results from population standardization, which is a procedure of adjustment of crude rates to eliminate the effects age structure from the crude rates, it is more appropriate for evaluating different mortalities. The method we use here is the indirect standardization which are standardises on Age Specific Death Rates. This measure is calculated by using a SMR, which is the mortality ratio between the actual observed number of deaths in the population of interest divided by the expected number of deaths were that population to experience the ASDRs of the base population, which in this case is the White American Female Population. Since the ADSRs of the base population are lower for every point in comparison to the Black American Female Population, the SMR indicates that the population of interest experienced a much higher actual exposure to mortality in comparison to its standard population, which is the White population. Unlike the CDR, the ISDR measures standardize the mortality exposure of the population of interest by for differences in age structure. It is a more accurate measure to correctly adjust for differences in age structure between different populations and allows us to more accurately compare the overall mortality exposure of the two populations. B.2.Using the results from A.2, describe the changes in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) over time among the Black and White American female population. Suggest possible causes or determinants of the changes. How do the values of Net Reproduction Rates (NRR) for the Black and White American female population in 2011 compare to the replacement level? Refer to Appendix A &B As shown by the table, from 2006 to 2011, ASFRs of age groups 15-29 of the Black female population have declined, while they increased between age 30 to 49 of the Black during this period. In contrast, during this period, the ASFRs of the White female American population have declined for all age groups between 15 to 49, except for an increase of 0.1 in age group 40-44. By comparing the two population in different year, we can see that, in 2006 and 2011, ISDRs of age 15-24 of the Black is significantly higher than the White of same age groups, while In 2006, ISDRs of age 25-49 of the Black is continuously lower than the White of same age groups. However, in 2011, only two ASDRs of age groups 25-29 and 35-39 of the White were higher than that of the Black. On the other hand, the general trends of TFR of both populations were declining from 2006 to 2011, while the TFR of the Black was continuously higher than the White during this period. Possible determinants of these common changes between the different ethnicities could include a primary trend among young adults of both black and white to postpone having children. According to data of 2006, among 18-to-24-year-olds, more women than men are enrolled in college in every racial and ethnic group. Increasing college attendance, especially among women, leads to better education, which affects the timing of marriages and first births of women, typically delaying both. Therefore, the U.S. fertility rate may drop further if the share of women attending and completing college continues to increase. (WSJ 2013) On the other hand, as the flow of immigrants is essential to the maintenance and growth of fertility, a slowdown in immigration into the US has also caused significant drops in the US fertility rate. Moreover, relatively high unemployment rates among African Americans may have played a role in the fertility decline—especially among those with less education and lower incomes. The fertility rate began to depend on women’s employment and earnings relative to men. (Overberg, P 2013) Women outnumber men in college and make up a growing share of the labor force. This gave rise to the recession which hit male-dominated jobs. As more women become primary breadwinners, fertility decisions are more likely to hinge on women’s earnings than they did in previous decades. A growing reliance on women’s employment and earnings had a greater influence on both the black and white fertility rate in America. As to data of NRR, the values for both populations in 2011 are 0.924 for NRR of the black and 0.855 of the white, we can see that the Black American female population had a higher NRR than the White population. This may due to national traditions and cultural norms as well as other important determinants such as socioeconomic status, impact on income, education, trend in marriage and access to contraception. (Population Reference Bureau ) Comparing the NRRs for both populations to the replacement level at 1.0, indicates that if ASFRs and ASDRs (and sex ratio at birth) remain constant over time, and there is no migration, these populations eventually will decline in size. B.3. Using the results from A.3, write paragraphs describing and accounting for the changes in the female population of USA between 2006 and 2011 shown by your projection for USA (e.g. how is the total number of population projected to change, which age groups are projected to increase and which to decrease, what are the components of the projected growth, how can relative cohort sizes account for the changes by age). According to the graphics of Appendix C, which shows the comparison of American female population of different ages from 0-85+ during year 2006 to 2011, we can see that the 2011 projection has a significantly larger proportion of the population in the 45 and over age group. More significantly, there is a projected increase in the number of elderly dependents especially above age group 50-54 in 2011 compared to year 2006. On the other hand, when having a look at the population of working age referring to the graph, there is a projected reduction from age 35-50 in 2011 compared to year 2006. Therefore, more elderly dependents with less population at work gave rise to larger elder dependency ratio of American females. The total number of the female US population in 2006 was approximately 154,120,000. While the projected figure has been estimated at 146,092,459, which is approximately an 8 million decline in population as a result of lower fertility, net migration and a constant sex ratio. The expected number of births has been projected to decrease at around the same ratio with the US decreasing fertility rates. The Census Bureau projects that the U.S. population will continue to grow, to almost 440 million persons by year 2050, albeit at a slower pace than the growth recorded over the past half-century. However, the population projections are rely upon assumptions about the future courses of mortality, fertility, and immigration. Immigration has been another important component of population growth in the United States. The net immigration rate, which is an essential factor to the age-sex structure of US population, has been projected to be positive nearly among all age groups from 0 to 84, except for the eldest age group 85+ (-49). Average growth rates for each 5-year projection period were positive, but have generally been declining over time. Expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the period, the average population growth rate in the 2006, for example, was 1.7% per annum while it was only 0.9% per year during the 2011. The Census Bureau assumes that the growth rate will remain positive through year 2050, but will fluctuate over the time period. The current level of 0.8% per annum will increase through 2030 to closer to 0.9% per annum. After 2030 the growth rate is expected to return to 0.8% per annum.( Census Bureau 2013) Trends in the size and growth of the U.S. population reflect the importance of the role of human reproduction and the fertility factors, as well as the net effect of population migrants of the United States. Reference According to data of 2006, among 18-to-24-year-olds, more women than men are enrolled in college in every racial and ethnic group. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/12/us-births-decline/1880231/. Fact Sheet: The Decline in U.S. Fertility – Population Reference Bureau http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2012/world-population-data-sheet/fact-sheet-us-population.aspx. Welcome to Human Life Alliance. 2013. Welcome to Human Life Alliance. http://www.humanlife.org/didyouknow_alarming.php. the U.S. fertility rate may drop further if the share of women attending and completing college continues to increase. http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/2/325.full?sid=bd3dc4c6-be39-441c-b9a8-b9e711ee655f The Census Bureau assumes that the growth rate will remain positive through year 2050, but will fluctuate over the time period. The current level of 0.8% per annum will increase through 2030 to closer to 0.9% per annum. After 2030 the growth rate is expected to return to 0.8% per annum. https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2&ik=01f85fe64f&view=att&th=13ec4dc1b157e429&attid=0.0&disp=inline&safe=1&zw&saduie=AG9B_P9thup8H_Ebi0Peyp5cqgdD&sadet=1369102489566&sads=eGFMn9_Rn4kq-DrLuiCtBKINAzw

Effective Speech Writing Essay

Physical appearance affects delivery very much. It shapes first impressions when a person sees you. When it comes to dressing for public speaking, the clothes chosen must not be flashy, so as to turn off the audience from you. You want to dress simply but elegantly. The way in which a person presents their physical appearance tells people a little about that person’s character and personality. Sometimes the item a person carries says a lot about them; for example if the person is always carrying a suitcase, they can be viewed as very serious minded. I remember attending a conference, and the guest speaker was pastors from a well known church. On first glance he was very relaxed; his clothes were very well put together, stylish and very appropriate for the audience. He had a smile on his face and did not even have a paper or pen in his hand, when he got up to speak, but when he began to speak, everyone was listening, no one moved, no one spoke in hushed tones, it as if he held the audience in a trance. Because of his laid back attitude and his casual way of dressing and the fact that he knew what he was talking about enhanced his effective delivery. His personality was warm and very inviting. I believed if he had dressed any differently in addressing the audience who were all teens; the effectiveness of his delivery would not have been effective at all. Question 4 Movement enhances delivery by keeping the audience interest. Movement in public speaking emphasizes what the speaker is trying to say. When hand gestures are used, it conveys to the audience the speaker’s enthusiasm and the audience is able to image what Effective Speech Writing 4 the speaker is talking about. Hand gestures tend to excite the speaker and help to keep the audience interested in what the speaker is saying. Emphatic gestures also help to stress key points within the person’s speech. Eye contact reveals a lot about a person and helps to maintain a connection with the audience that you are presenting to. Not making eye contact can be seen on the part of the speaker as a failure to connect with the audience and in some cases makes the speaker seem unsure of the subject matter that they are talking about. Eye contact keeps the audience interested and makes the audience feel as is you are connecting with them, giving the sense that you are very knowledgeable about your subject matter. Keeping and maintaining eye contact with your audience is very important as you receive instantaneous feedback as to how effective you are. You are able with eye contact to immediately see if a point is lost on your audience, if they are bored or becoming restless. This helps you to know when it is time to stop your speech, to use a little humor or take a break in between. Once the skill of maintaining visual contact is achieved, it will help in keeping your audience interested in what you are saying. Question 5 Bill Cosby’s delivery can be seen as a very effective. This is a celebrity who is very good at public speaking. His ability to keep the audience entertained, while being serious is pure genius. His delivery was flawless. He exuded self-confidence and poise. As he mentioned in the speech, this is not his first time speaking at a college campus. His delivery showed knowledge and skill about the various subject matters that he touched Effective Speech Writing 5 upon. The pitch of his voice was very pleasant, he paused in between speaking, which seemed to be very effective, it was as if he was building anticipation, while at the same time keeping his audience interested in what he was saying. He made eye contact a number of times and his humor came through in his speech and you are able to glimpse his personality. His physical appearance was very appropriate. It was as if he was identifying with the graduating class, by donning a graduating gown too. This was a very effective way of capturing the audience’s attention and keeping it. He did not move around a lot during the speech, but there was a lot of hand movement and you could see the facial expression on his face and hear the enthusiasm in his speech. The kind of speech he did was an impromptu speech which most people dread doing. But he was prepared and gave a very good and interesting speech. Question 6 I would evaluate my delivery strength in that I make eye contact, I use a lot of hand gestures and I try to connect with my audience. I find that I am better at impromptu speech versus manuscript speech. I tend not to do well at the latter. One of my weaknesses is that I tend to gesticulate a lot, which can be very distracting to people and takes away the focus of what I am saying. Sometimes I get very nervous and tend to hold a pencil in my hand and fiddle with it while I talk, which can be very distracting for people. I can improve my weaknesses by practicing before I give a speech, so that I can improve my delivery. Also I can try to focus on my speech and practice gesticulating at the appropriate parts instead of Effective Speech Writing 6 gesticulating throughout my speech. But the most effective way to gain strength in my weak areas is to practice as much as I can, in front of friends and family. I can also overcome my weaknesses by becoming more knowledgeable, about the subject matter, which will help me during my speech. Also if I follow the instructions and deliver my speeches extemporaneously, I will become better, and will be better able to connect with my audience, as this kind of speech delivery. Source: Effective Public Speaking – Let Your Body do the Talking retrieved April 2, 2008 fromhttp://ezinearticles. com/? Effective-Public-Speaking—Let-Your-Body-Do-The-Talking&id=482746

What Was the Main Cause of the Financial Crisis in 2007-2009?

The intention of this essay is to provide an in depth and critical analysis of the financial crisis that took place between 2007-2009, in particular focusing on some key issues raised by the Foote, Gerardi and Willen paper ‘Why did so many people make so many Ex Post bad decisions? ’ Whilst there were many contributing factors, it is clear that a specific few played a particularly dominant role, primarily the ‘Bubble Theory’, irresponsible regulation, toxic CDO’s and $62 trillion of CDS’s. ‘That’s what bubbles are: they’re examples of mass delusions’ (Norcera, 2011).Bubble theory’s are by no means a new school of thought, in fact they date back to the Dutch Tulip bubble in the 1630’s and it is these types of bubble that are believed, by many economists, to be the primary cause of the foreclosure crisis. The bubble theory explains the crisis as a natural progression of overly optimistic price expectations for a particular asset class, recently the US housing market. When the housing bubble began to enlarge, lenders were lulled into a false sense of security, which lead to large amounts of credit being extended to ‘sub prime’ borrowers, people who had shady or uncertified credit history.However due to the inflating house prices the banks seemed to have little concern towards the credit being repaid. Although this credit was issued to subprime borrowers through the securitised credit market, securitisation was not necessarily the definitive cause of the crisis, but what it did was act as a catalyst allowing borrowers and investors to undertake their desired transactions. With this appetite for risk from lenders and interest rates being cut to 1% by the Fed, institutional investors were eager to chase higher returns.The opportunity encouraged investment banks to anti up their leverage and create a higher yielding product which was directly linked to an ‘ever rising h ousing market’. The emergence of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV’s) allowed banks to over leverage and buy mortgages which were then bundled together into a special purpose vehicle, proportions of these were then subsequently sold off as a Collateralised Debt obligations (CDO’s), ‘an investment-grade security backed by a pool of bonds, loans and other assets’. The theory behind this SPV was to reduce the lenders liability by pooling hundreds of supposedly ndependent mortgages, meaning that in the event of any mortgage defaults the loss would be contained rather than having a simultaneous effect on the other mortgages pooled within the CDO. Given that house prices were expected to continue along the bubble’s growth path, any losses from mortgage defaults would be naturally offset by house price inflation, or so they thought. Once the Investment banks had packaged these mortgages they then sought to diversify their liability by selling off the mu tual funds to external investors, some more bullish than others and hence the segregation of tranches within the CDO packages.The riskiness of each tranche was determined by the rating agencies, Standard and Poor/Fitch, which ranged from AAA (the lowest risk, but highest price) to CCC (the highest risk, but lowest price). In the event of any mortgage defaults, the highest rated tranche, the senior tranche, was paid out first and any subsequent losses were absorbed by the junior tranches, ie junior tranches were only paid once the other tranches had been paid. Given that the Fed had cut interest rates to 1%, the opportunity proposed by these CDO’s became increasingly more attractive.The excessive demand chasing CDO’s forced banks to lower their credit requirement standard, which inevitably lead to subprime lending. This access to the credit markets for those who ordinarily would have been declined credit meant that CDO’s were becoming filled with comparatively hi gh risk mortgages. This became increasingly problematic when borrowers began to default on their mortgage payments, the domino effect lead to the collapse of house prices and over 2million foreclosures.This left worldwide investors and banks with failing CDO’s who in turn also defaulted on their payments and lead to a global ‘credit crunch’. Even the largest of investment banks such as Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley were so confident in their products that they too maintained large holdings of ‘super senior’ tranches on their balance sheets, thus wiping billions of dollars of their balance sheets too. However whilst it is true that the bankers over zealous nature and thirst to maximise profits lead to the breaching of standards and forfeit of reliable credit checks, they were still allowed to do it.This leads to the plausible involvement of the credit rating agencies and the Governments lack of regulation and in some cases irresponsible regulation. A major concern surrounds the actions of US credit rating agencies, namely Standard & Poor and Fitch. Whilst they may not have anticipated the financial crisis, they, to a large extend suffered from institutional failure. The mathematical models that had been developed and used by the credit rating agencies were inadequate to deal with and provide accurate data concerning the riskiness of sub prime mortgages.The mathematical modelling teams continued to use traditional out-dated 30 year mortgages to asses the likelihood of default. Mortgages issued after 2004 were based on a different credit rating tool, know as FICO. A FICO score takes into account 5 factors to help determine a borrowers credit risk, length of credit history and the various types of credit used, the current level of personal debt, credit history, amount of new credit and passed payment history.These new mortgages were typically non documented adjustable rate mortgages and relied on the FICO score. It became appare nt that the agencies had minimal concern towards the investors. The rating analysts within the agencies expressed their levels of apprehension towards the reliability of certain ratings, but they were cut short and dismissed. The credit rating agencies were simply concerned with maintaining or increasing their market influence by doing their job and providing the ratings that their clients employed them to generate.In many cases these ratings were later downgraded within 6 months implying that their original job was either done with a lack of due diligence or there was an ulterior motive behind providing a flawless AAA rating. This was highlighted in the residential mortgage backed security Delphinus case study where 26 dummy loans were issued that were clearly not of AAA standard, yet sailed through as AAA. This leads us to the issue of the Government and their irresponsible lack of regulation towards preventing a financial crisis.The neoliberalist argument suggests that the US Gov ernment was a big player in the demise of the financial sector. The Governments irresponsible regulation of banks allowed the passing of the Community Reinvestment Act from 1977, ‘the law was designed to encourage commercial banks and savings associations to help meet the needs of borrowers in all segments of their communities, including low and moderate income neighbourhoods’ (Wikipedia). The law actively encouraged low income earners to take out mortgages to buy a house, which in reality they could not afford.To really tempt fate congress later allowed the act to be amended, allowing potential borrowers to opt out of income screening, therefore meaning that no credit worthiness was required to take out a mortgage. It is this link to the CDO market which allowed for such disaster to unravel, had this act not been so irresponsibly been amended, the banks would not have been able to bundle toxic debt and sell it as a repackaged CDO. In fact George Bush Junior actively en couraged it in 2002 when he campaigned for an additional 5. 5million low income homeowners by 2010.By actively holding interest rates below the well-known monetary guide lines it encouraged mass risk taking, not only was money cheap but low interest rates also offered very little return in the banks so investors sought alternatives which lead them to junk CDO’s and CDO2’s. However these junk CDO’s were only half the problem, whilst they were being actively encouraged they were also being bet on and against, implying a magnitude of leveraged risk. In the 1990’s J. P. Morgan developed a strategy to hedge their loan risks know as credit default swaps (CDS’s).Essentially a CDS is a bilateral contract between two parties that provides a level of insurance. A buyer would pay a yearly premium in order to protect the face amount of the particular bond or loan, but the CDS’s unlike a traditional insurance policy were subject to counter party risk onl y. This implication meant that if the counterparty was unable to pay or had gone insolvent then essentially the buyer was no longer covered. What it also allowed for was speculators to gain exposure to markets where they didn’t actually own the underlying assets or credits, which they were now betting on.The crux of the problem arose when CDS’s were taken out on the subprime mortgage securities, which had been largely over rated by the ratings agencies, therefore providing false information upon which the investment decision and insurance policies were taken. When the defaults started to roll in the likes of AIG and Bear Stearns had billions of dollars wiped off their books. To exacerbate the problem almost all the major investment banks and investment houses had insurance underwritten by Bear Stearns, which of course was now insolvent. This domino effect lead to multi billion dollar losses across the globe.The general belief amongst economists was that financial deriv atives and their purpose was to dilute individual risk through risk sharing amid investors. In theory it should create a more efficient allocation of capital and price transparency, it is the mass trading of these derivatives that became problematic and raised a cause for concern. However whilst it is true that CDS’s, CDO’s, a vast lack of regulation and inaccurate credit ratings all facilitated the collapse in the financial sector, it is not clear that they were the actual cause of the financial crisis.What is more evident of the actual cause is the fact that financial institutions and investors, as a whole did not foresee a collapse of housing prices. The collapse of house prices created mass negative equity and consequent defaults on subprime mortgages and also the falling face value of the subprime mortgage securitisations. Investment banks were particularly caught by surprise when the ‘super superior’ AAA rated tranches of CDO’s collapsed in va lue, given that they had relatively few defaults.Another factor which points to the root cause of the financial crises was the levels of excessive leverage combined with large holdings of subprime securitisations. The rapid and unexpected losses from these large investment houses lead to the markets questioning their solvency and so a mass culture of hoarding developed along with a fire sale of assets in order to deleverage their exposure. All this combined resulted in a squeeze of cash flow due to market uncertainty and lenders became unwilling to lend. This unfolding of events lead to the CDS and CDO market getting wrapped up and associated with large losses.It is for these reasons that the financial crisis developed and continues to develop implications for the future of the financial industry. References Nocera, Joe. 2011. â€Å"Inquiry is Missing Bottom Line. † New York Times, page B1. January 29 Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 24, Number 1—Winter 2 010—Pages 73–92 Credit Default Swaps and the Credit Crisis Rene M. Stulz Cordell, Larry, Yilin Huang, and Meredith Williams. 2011. â€Å"Collateral Damage: Siz- ing and Assessing the Subprime CDO Crisis. † Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Working Paper Money morningFinancial Crisis Inquiry Commission. 2010. â€Å"Credit Ratings And the Financial Crisis. † Pre- liminary Staff Report, June 2, 2010 The Credit Rating Agencies and TheirContribution to the Financial Crisis MAUR ICE MULLARD http://www. investopedia. com/terms/c/cdo. asp#ixzz2BqfZ28TI Brunnermeier, Markus K. 2008. â€Å"Bubbles. † In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Eco- nomics, eds. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, second edition Foote, Christopher L. , Kristopher Gerardi, and Paul S. Willen. 2008. â€Å"Negative Equity and Foreclosure: Theory and Evidence. †

Night Vision Technology

NIGHT VISION TECHNOLOGY 1) Introduction 2) Definition 3) Types of Night Vision Technology 4) Night Vision Devices 5) Generation 6) Application INTRODUCTION Night vision technology is basically allows us to saw in night. It is originally developed for military use. All humans have very poor night vision as compare to other animals. With the poor night vision we cannot see a person standing over so far away (many miles) on a deep dark cloudy night. It is first time invented for military purpose to see the enemy in deep dark and target them easily. The german army gave the idea of night vision and from that time it is fastly develops so strong. They gave the idea in 1935 and start working on it so fastly to cover all battle condition in night time. Then they develop night vision items in their rifles and in other necessary materials of battle field. From there this technology is grown up and all other countries also make sure to use this technology and also to modify this according to their need. These all equipment are use in camera (either simple or in gun front) for the purpose of hunting at night time and in battle affected areas. But they are so advance technology made up of. Then with the help of this equipment they are visible clearly in front of human eyes as in full light to saw it clearly. Today also in houses security and high alert situation these technology is used in vast for the purpose of safety. DEFINITION The definition of night vision technology is basically the detail of its work that how this technology work and what is this in real word. Every one defines it in their own word of experiences, but in my opinion its definition is not its word of expression but its definition is expressed as:†Night vision technology is basically the ability to see things in dark night condition. (Whether by biological or technological mean).Night vision is the combination of two approaches. TYPES OF NIGHT VISION TECHNOLOGY There are two types of night vision technology: 1) Biological Night VisionSome animal like cat and deep sea animal can see in night because they are tissue present in their eye which is called tiputem lucidum. Which is present on the back side of retina? But this layer is not present in human eyes, thus they cannot able to see in night. They need to use some material to saw in night. RODOPOSIN is use for night see. This is a chemical. With help of this chemical human can see for few hours in dark and deep night. Biological is even God gifted senses in humans and animals, by which they saw things in night. These senses are used for night vision. Commonly green eyes of human have the ability to see in night and even in dark night. These all are the naturally created senses in humans and animal eyes. 2) Technical Night VisionTechnical night vision is working in two different ways.In this type of vision many lens are used to achieve pictures in night time. All the material use for this is released specific type of electron which is felt on the picture and they capture the same picture and show on the front of human eyes. Then they saw easily all the things in dark night. As same in the war situation the advance developed material for night vision is used to see the enemy easily in night and mountain dark then with the help of this advance technology they hit the enemy on exact target. Simply technical vision technology is those devices include in which advance technique is used to able one to see in night time in deep dark. Night Vision DevicesNight vision devices are called observation equipment. They observe and detect the pictures and other things in dark night. It is also some time known as night vision goggles. It does works as: the light from night vision excrete and felt on the targeted area this particle is made up of photons which includes all the colors. Then they reflect back and entered in the lens and the whole area is seen to be visible in dark, but it is so sensitive case. Its the same as we see in the games which is made in night scenes. There the whole environment is dark but we clearly saw the targeted area of enemies.All devices which are uses in night vision is shown below: these all devices is used in night time. GENERATIONS 1) 0 GENERATION: The early generation was establishing in (1950-1955) which is not in complete vast Form. 2) 1st GENERATION: In the first generation tubes are used in the equipment in series. They work so will. They also work so perfect than 2nd and 3rd generation. But one defect is present in this generation that the image is show clear at the center but it can distort at all its adages. This heaviest and largest one of first three generation, later is modified and the name has change in other generation. 3) 2ndGENERATION: This generation was made in (1970-1972).A high micro channel plate is used in it. And it is also called high electron multiplier. They also magnify the image in clear form. Its magnifier and resolution is under well developed technology. These channels are built from millions of microscopic hollow glass, and each glass is of 0.0125 in diameter. Sensitive lenses are used in it; they detected the images by its sensitive wavelength. 4) 3rd GENERATION: the previous generations are made advanced and name as 3rd generation. The advancement take place in (1971-1978).the photocathode rays is used in it as an ion barrier. Then they detect images from far distances clear in dark night. It is much better than firstly built generations but not perfect because further development take place fastly in very day life in advance technology world. 5) 4th GENERATION: The American army made advance the 3rd generation with highly developed photocathode lenses and rays and made sure the work of these devices to detect all images in deep dark night clear at center and all of its edges. The ion barrier is also removed which is used in 3rd generation for the purpose to finish the background noise. The switch on and off system made sure rapidly. This generation is used all over the world because it is well developed equipment at all. Higher magnifying lenses are used in it. They are full of all needed and advanced technology materials. APPLICATION The main purpose of night vision technology is to detect enemy target in dark night. Security officers, police officers and also investigating officers use night vision technology broadly according to their need. They trace their position and places in dark night and then perform action on it. Application of night vision is as under below: I. For hunting purposes II. For military purposes III. For security purposes IV. For law enforcement V. For entertainment VI. For navigation purposes VII. For hidden object detection VIII. For surveillance IX. For wildlife observation X. And for automatic brightness control purposes.

To investigate how surface area effects the rate of reaction in Calcium Carbonate Essays

To investigate how surface area effects the rate of reaction in Calcium Carbonate Essays To investigate how surface area effects the rate of reaction in Calcium Carbonate Essay To investigate how surface area effects the rate of reaction in Calcium Carbonate Essay This experiment is working on the theory of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles. Three main things effect the rate of diffusion:- The distance of particles. Diffusion is quickest in gases as gas has a larger space between molecules making diffusion occur faster.- The energy of particles. The temperature effects the rate of reaction because the higher the temperature the faster the reaction.- The mass of particles. The effect of mass is caused by the relationship between the speed of particles and their temperature.Diffusion occurs in all the states of matter. However they most noticeably take place in liquids and gases. An example of this is Brownian Motion. Robert Browning noticed that when looking under a microscope pollen grains were moving in a random way. This movement is explained by assuming water molecules were hitting the pollen grains in a random way causing the pollen to move erratically.Brownian motion and diffusion provide evidence t o support the kinetic theory. The kinetic theory is kinetic energy cannot be created loss or destroyed. Instead it is converted to another form of energy. Particles have kinetic energy the energy of movement. Gases have the greatest kinetic energy and solids the least.This experiment also works on the Collision theory. Chemical reactions can be explained by the collision theory. For particles to react they must collide and they must have sufficient energy to react. There are many factors that effect the rate of reaction.- If the size of the reacting particles is decreased, there is more surface area available for reacting and so the speed of reaction increases.- When a solution becomes more concentrated, the number of particles present in the solution increases.- Increasing temperature increases the speed at which the particles move. Thus speeding up the reaction.Factors effecting the rate of reactionI am looking at the pros and cons of investigating each factor on the rate of reac tion.CatalystsPro- This speeds up the rate of reaction by helping bonds between atoms to break and form more easily. It is also reusableCon- The problem with this would be it makes this an unfair experiment unless you carefully measure out the same amount of catalayse.TemperaturePro-Heating it would speed up the experiment, and keeping it cold would slow it down. This is because if you heat it up it makes the water particles collide and move about more breaking up the marble chips faster.Con- Heating it is can be very dangerous and it could make the test tube explode.ConcentrationPro- You can see a definite difference if you use different concentrations.Con- It can be quite expensive using a large concentration of the chemical.Surface areaPro-Its inexpensive, practical and not dangerous.Con-It is a little inaccurate if not measured in exact sizes.ChoiceI have chosen to test the rate of reaction on surface area. This is because of all the reasons above can get around the con by using roughly the same size chip.PlanPre-testIve carried out the pre-test using different quantities of calcium carbonate and different quantities of Hydrochloric acid. The quantities with long and most vigorous reaction will be the quantity I will use in the investigation because it will give me a good set of results.ApparatusMedium sized Calcium carbonate chipsThree Test tubesScalesTimerMethod1. Measure 5g of calcium carbonate and measure 20ml of Hydrochloric acid.2. Put the calcium carbonate in the test tube, pour the acid in and quickly start the timer.3. Observe every ten seconds the weight of the marble chips and acid. Stop when the same weight occurs four times in a row.4. Repeat steps 1-3 with 10g of calcium carbonate and 40ml of hydrochloric acid.5. Repeat steps 1-3 with 15g of calcium carbonate and 60ml of hydrochloric acid.Results5g and 20ml of hydrochloric acid-Fast reaction and not very vigorous.10g and 40ml of hydrochloric acid-Long reaction and very vigorous.15g and 60ml o f hydrochloric acid-Long reaction and quite vigorous.Conclusion:This pre-test showed me that the best results to use in my investigation would be 10g and 40ml of Hcl. This was because this was the most vigorous and the longest results without wasting too much Hcl and Calcium carbonate.EvaluationThis pre-test was quite accurate. There was only one problem, acid was loss to the spitting I will use cotton wool to cover the top. The reason I will not use a cork stop is this will prevent all gas escaping. I will use wool because this will let gas escape but not acid.PredictionI predict that the large marble chips are going to take the longest to diffuse. The medium a fair amount of time to diffuse and the smallest chips will be the quickest to diffuse. I know this by my theory on diffusion and the collison theory. I know that If the size of the reacting particles is decreased, there is more surface area available for reacting and so the speed of reaction increases.EquipmentSmall, medium and Large marble chips.Conical flaskElectronic ScalesMeasuring cylinderHydrochloric acidCotton woolMethod1. Measure 10g of Marble chips in small, medium and large.2. Place the flask on the scales and take away the weight.3. Pour the large marble chips in the flask.4. Measure 40ml of hydrochloric acid and pour5. Quickly put the cotton wool on top and start the timer.6. Observe weight every ten seconds. Stop observing when the same weight repeats itself four times.7. Repeat steps 2-5 but use medium marble chips.8. Repeat steps 2-5 twice using small marble chips.9. Record all results in the table. Work out the averages of the small chips.DiagramResultsTime (sec)Large ChipsMedium ChipsSmall Chips (1)Small Chips (2)Average of small chips0102.1104.4102.6103.6100.610102.1104.1102.4103.5100.4520101.9103.9102.3103.5100.430101.8103.5102.2103.4100.340101.7103.4102.1103.3100.2550101.6103.3102103.2100.1560101.5103.2102103.2100.1570101.4103.2101.9103.1100.5580101.3103.1101.9103100.5590101.2103101 .9103100.55100101.2103101.9103100.55120101.1103130101.1103140101150101160100.9170100.9180100.9190100.8200100.8210100.7220100.7230100.7240100.7Analysis of ResultsSize of marble chipAmount lostLarge marble chips1.4gMedium sized marble chips1.4gSmall sized marble chips (average)0.05gConclusionThe rate of reaction should be longer for the small chips because more surface area for the hydrochloric acid to work on. The loss of mass is the largest in the big chips. However the loss in the medium chips is not as large as the small chips. The small chips loss of mass was consistent in the experiment. This is because the larger the surface area the faster the rate of reaction is. As you can see my results link back to my planning. In my planning it was said that if the size of the reacting particles is decreased, there is more surface area available for reacting and so the speed of reaction increases. This is true and matches up to my results.EvaluationMy experiment worked extremely well in t he plan but didnt work as well when I did the whole experiment. My results were not as accurate as expected. The flaws in my experiment were probably due to the following factors:* Timer wasnt started at exactly the time the marble chips went in.- To rectify this I will observe more carefully when to start the timer.* The cottons mass was not taken and deducted at the end.- I should next time take the mass of the cotton* Hydrochloric acid was not measured out properly.- I could maybe weigh the amount of hydrochloric acid used on some electronic scales.* Lots of people were in the room and were all walking about. People could have knocked the table causing the mixture to be swirled around a bit. Making the results slightly unfair.- I could possibly of done the experiment in a quite room on my own without distractions and lots of people walking about knocking the table.* The Calcium carbonate chips were not all the same size.- When choosing the chips I could of looked for similar size d chips to use so surface area was still the same.However even with these factors taken into account the experiment gave me my expected results. So I presume that these flaws in my experiment did not really effect the results.To further on my work I could look at how a catalyst would effect the rate of reactions. I could also look at all the other factor such as temperature and concentration and how they effect the rate of reaction.

Free sample - People and Organization One. translation missing

People and Organization One. People and Organization OneIntroductionThe unemployment in the world is increasing with very high rate and is not certain if the figure will reduce; in fact the job market has not been able to cope up with high influx of fresh graduates who are produced year after year. Therefore, it has become a great task for companies on who to hire from many interested qualified graduates. To reduce this stress, organizations are delegating this responsibility to privately own firms that are involved with human resource selection. Hiring right candidate for a specific job is the most important achievement every company wishes; the highly performing employees are valued assets to a company. Group and Team BehaviorSelecting individual for team-based jobs is so challenging; there are a lot of factors to be considered. One of these important considerations is the fact that the individual performance in the job depends upon the effort of other people (Evers, Anderson Voskuijl 2005, p.478). It was suggested that ‘an individual generic characteristic which makes him or her particularly team-worthy must be considered (p.478). The fundamental point that informed this approach is the reason that some candidates work better in teams than others whereas there are those who work better as individuals. Additionally, the unique characteristics of a particular team can be used to identify potential candidate. It is found that teams vary widely on several task or duties they performed and this variation influences the choice for specific candidate. Evers, Anderson and Voskuijl (2005, p.478) asserted that task which a team performs is very crucial for consideration, however, they suggested that other factors such as ‘team structure, design, contextual and process characteristics are also essential. Group Oral InterviewOther companies use the group oral interview to identify potential candidate. Bertram Strauss (1964, p.139) described this method as similar to ‘member-centered meeting’ where interviewees themselves take control of discussion and as they do so, their different qualities surface. Oral interview are set of questions meant to provide answers about certain characteristics of a candidate (Hudson Clark, 2008, p.141).The panel leading the interview is able to note the different qualities exhibited by each candidate. Each interviewee is assigned a topic and is allowed to discuss in a group. The topics often chosen are those which the candidates have no clue about. Their capabilities are evaluated by the way they engage themselves in the discussion and solve the problem. Bertram Strauss (1964, p.139) argued that ‘quick, clear thinking and ability to handle oneself well’ is essentially what the panellist are looking for. This method is best for selecting candidate for executive position or those positions that involves interaction with the public. It was noted that when candidates are taken through such interviews several qualities can be identified; some of these qualities are shyness-some candidates can be tongue-tied- and problem solving. They elaborated that other candidates my have problems in expressing their ideas orally but can write well; therefore it will be the task of the panel to decide who to select based on the qualities they are looking for. The role of panellist in the group oral interview is to listen to the candidates in the course of the discussion (Lata Kumar 2007). More to this point, the panellist appointed are always not related or known to the candidates. Immediately the discussion is over, the panellist who feels that the information they have acquired is not enough can still speak to candidates separately. Finally, each panellists writes report on individual candidate (Bertram Strauss 1964, p.141a).   These authors argued that some companies have found this approach better in choosing the best candidates. They commented that the approach is time saving; it eliminates the tedious and repetitive process of interviewing one candidate at ago; and the last important positive attribute about this method is the idea that the each interviewer presents their own summary of the candidates which are later harmonised and the best candidate is selected Direct Physical FeaturesSome people have raised concerns over the use of direct visible features of a person in selection of personnel. Elsy (2009, p.93) cited David Cohen analogy of the onion different layers as similar to human ‘behavioural tendencies’. The analogy relates the human different behaviours to the different layers of onion which can be pearled off.   She compares the outer layer of onion which can be easily pearled off to the observable human behaviour; and the layer below to be similar to the human personality ‘the can do factors’ and the layer beneath to resemble human characters which are intrinsic to individual and cannot be change. Therefore the use of direct physical features will not identify the intrinsic behaviour which defines the character of that person RefereesThe method used to select an individual must be accurate to measure the candidates’ intrinsic qualities. Lewis et al. (2007, p.245) asserted that any criterior used must be capable of identifying candidate with exemplary qualities and who can perform better than those who were not selected. The first information that an employer receives from a potential candidate is the application form and a resume. After receiving the applications the company conducts background checks to proof authenticity of the information in the resume (Smith 2000). One of the cretarior of conducting authenticity of the information in the resume is by contacting the referees provided by the candidate. However, the likelihood of getting true information through references is very minimal; this is because of the biasness of some referees in giving information about their candidates and more so the reluctance of giving the desired information. Most often than not candidates choose references that they are sure they will provide positive information about them to the employer and even recommend them for the job (McKenna 2000, p.532). The reluctance of some referees to provide information could possibly be due to some companys’ regulation that may prohibits the release of such information concerning their past employees or either, he/she may be fearing loosing his/her friend in the case of giving out true information. Despite the shortcoming in this method, Ingram et al (2008, p.54) asserts that contacting referees is one of the best approach of determining the truthfulness of the information provided in the resume and eliminating the raising case of forgery and fraud in the res ume. Furthermore, it helps an organization to abate cases that can lead to legal prosecution for negligence in hiring employees. Organisational designWritten TestsWhen the background checks as been completed the organization may proceed with the written test. The written tests are meant to measure candidates ‘knowledge, skills and abilities’ (Lewis et al. 2007, p.245). There are three types of test that are frequently used by employers, these are: personality test, written test and performance test. Fundamentally, written test are used by employers to measure candidates ‘ability, skills, intelligence, or interest’ (p.245). Moreover, the test is widely used to measure knowledge of the candidates’ mathematical skills and interest in specific types of work. The cretarior in this method is that, the higher the score of the candidate the better is he/she for the job. The other category of test is performance test; in this test candidate is assigned a specific task to perform. There are two types of performance test: ‘work and assessment centre’ (Lewis et al. 2007, p.245).   Work sample is commonly used in jobs that are more specific such as assembling of computer. If the candidate manages to perform the task well, then the company hires him/her. It was also commented that the method is very effective and its accuracy level is high. Consequently assessment centres are more suitable for selecting individual to fill up executive positions. This method is essentially used to predict individual performance in a specific job (p.245). It applies techniques such role plays, group discussions and public speaking and presentation (Ingram et al. 2008, p.153). The candidate is assigned specific duties to do such as addressing people, making decision on certain issues, attending meetings and so many others. The tasks are tailored to assess the candidate behaviour in particular challenges and also predict its performance in the specific assignments as a manager. More to this point, the method also evaluates how a candidates decides on ‘which assignment to do and which to ignore’ (p.245). The assessment centres is gaining more usage than oral and written interviews in many companies (Rosenbloom 1985, p.72). Although the assessment centres takes time to present its results and is very costly, it is more accurate; it is very effective for assessing candidates’ for managerial positions (Beaumont 1993, p.70). The method has also been proofed to be excellent in selecting individuals for sales positions. Ingram et al mentioned that some life insurance firm used the method to select salespeople and the results were remarkable: they were able to identify candidates who possessed the much needed qualities of a salesperson such as sales prospecting, presentation skills and time management than the previous method. In fact Ingram et al noted that the company was able to make a lot of profits within the same period. Individual personality/AttitudesAccording to Lewis et al (2007, p.246) it is valuable to employ individual whose attitude and character rhyme well with the core values of the company. They lamented that ‘teaching an individual about the job is easier than teaching him or her to change deeply held attitudes’ (p.246). The use of personality test by companies to select suitable personnel’s has remarkably increased. Personality tests are tests that are carried out to measures individual attributes or characteristics. Shah (2010, 117) adds that personality test are used to evaluate candidates emotions, maturity and temper in specific situations. It is also very important in testing the ability of a candidate to adapt to various challenges faced in life while upholding his or her reputation. This method is widely used in selecting individuals for executive positions. There are four types of personality test: Objective test, protective test, situation test, and interest test (Shah 2010, p.117). Objective test is used to test individual neurotic behaviour and self-confidence; a protective test is used to assess candidate character and values; while the situation test is employed to assess candidate behaviour towards challenging situation and his ability to cope up with stress and pressure; interest test determines kind of work a candidate likes most. The tests are prepared in different forms: written test or evaluation by an interviewer. Under the personality test, some organizations perform physical examinations test to the candidates to find out any physical impairment that may hinder work performance. This kind of test is frequently used when selecting people to be employed in military field. The only limitation about personality test is that the questions sometimes may have been poorly designed such that it can’t produce meaningful resul ts (Furnham 1994, p.331). InterviewsInterviews are basically, detail conversation done for the aim of ascertaining individual skills, abilities and knowledge. This is done between representatives of an organisation and the candidate (Stewart 2008, p.26). It has been noted that about 90% of people recruited in industrial positions went through interviews (Lewis et al. 2007, p.246). The interview questions that are frequently asked are straightforward and are meant to understand interviewee background of education and relevant experiences. Stewart identified three types of interviews employed by organisations: bio-data or biographical, behavioural, and situation interviews. Bio-data interview is basically used to ascertain candidate background; it asks questions concerning candidate education, self-assessment, abilities, work experience and extra-curricular activities (Prasad Mohan 2005, p.221). Behavioural interview on the other hand asks questions which are meant to understand the candidate past experiences. Out of these four types of interview test, behavioural test has been identified as the most predictive (Stewart 2008, p.28). McKenna (2010, p.532) pointed out that the poor performance of biodata is caused by the problems of interviewers not being keen in correlating the certain biographical information with beneficial performance in the work. However, he suggested that the solution to problem is by focusing on the theoretical relationships of the biodata with appropriate work and moreover, retaining biodata information that are essential to specific work performance. Interestingly, interviews as an approach for selecting personnel has very ‘low validity’; this is because many interviewers are not well equipped with the necessary skills to facilitate interviews (Lewis et al. 2007, p.246).   Another shortcoming of interviews is that they are ‘fairly informal’; studies have revealed that interviewers make their conclusion about the candidate within the first 2minutes of the interview (p.246). This raises questions on the accuracy and effectiveness of the interviews. Sometimes the interviewers are influenced by the perceptions and stereotypes they hold about the candidate. Lewis et al (2007, p.246) suggested several ways of solving the above problem: introducing structured format of interview whereby same question are asked in the same order for each candidate; and inquiring for more information based on what the interviewee has said. It was also suggested that the following points for effective interviewer: asking precise questions, avoiding perceptions, avoiding discriminative questions, taking good time before concluding and ‘keeping written records of the interviews’ (p.246). They concluded by saying that interviewers should take time to explain clearly to the candidates what the job really entails and focus entirely on the positive attributes of the job. Peer AssessmentPeer assessment is another approach that is preferred by some companies. Peers are people who have direct interaction with individual and knows individual well. This places the peer in a better position to assess the candidate. In this approach peer assesses the candidate and give their opinion. However, this method is considered as ineffective (McKenna 2000, p.534). Peers may not be willing to give genuine information about their colleges that they feel will ruin their changes of securing the job. Any approach used to select candidates for employment must be fair to all candidates and eliminate situations that give a specific candidate undue advantage over the others. McKenna (2000, p.534) commented that some ‘ethnic minorities do not perform as well as other applicants in many test of intelligence and aptitude’. This has made some nations to legislate laws to protect such vulnerable entities or group of people; an example is the UK Race Relation Act created in 1976 (p.534). Travel AgencyTravel agency is an agent who is involved with providing general travel services or specialised travel services to clients. (Lubbe 2000, p.82). Singh (2008, p.1) defined travel agency as a business company involved in selling travel based services. General Service travel agency specifically is involved with organising and making necessary arrangements for holiday or business related travels for individual and groups. Corporate travel agency involves with providing for all the needs of the travel of the corporate client or a company. Specialised agencies renders travels services to specialised group of persons such as ‘senior citizens adventure or religious groups’ (p.82). Basically, travel agency is involved with providing entire travel services-arranging for travel documents and tickets-after which the client pays for the service rendered to them. Job descriptionTravel Agency has so many departments ranging from the Chief executive officer to clerical departments. Chief Executive officer is the senior officer of the organisation and is the overall person incharge of the organisation. Every department in the organisation has specific duties and responsibilities to do. The Chief Executive Officer is entrusted with the responsibility of development strategies and formulating policies in line with the goals and objectives of the agency (US Dept of Labour, Bureau of Labour Statistics 2004, p.64).   The executive represents the agency in important meeting of the board of directors and is answerable to the board of directors of the agency. A chief executive officer also has a responsibility of hiring departmental heads of an organisation. According to Pidgeon (2004, p.192) the duties of Chief Executive Officer is to lead an organization into the future. He makes sure that the task of the employer is well done (Acutt and Hattingh 20 03, p.38). Profile Chief Executive Officer The Chief Executive officer of a travel agency must be arguably, experienced in managerial position or has held or served previously under the same capacity (U. S. Department of Labour 2000). He or she must possess high personal skills and good analytical mind that is able to analyze a lot of information within a short period of time effectively. Furthermore, he/she must be in a position to communicate ‘precisely and persuasively’ and also exemplify qualities such as ‘leadership, self-confidence, motivation, decisiveness, flexibility and sound business judgment’ (U. S. Department of Labour 2000, p.82). The minimum educational qualification for the candidate must be a bachelor’s degree in liberal arts or business administration (p.32). Approach for SelectionThe best approach to employ in select a candidate for a post of Chief Executive Officer of a travel agency is personality test. Using situation tests, behaviour of a candidate under stress situation as Chief Executive Officer can be predicted. This method also can effectively measure the candidate persuasive and decisive skill as a Chief Executive Officer in attracting investors to the agency. ConclusionIn conclusion, organizations use different approaches depending on the kind of Job description and the qualities they are looking for. For executive positions organisations prefer personality tests and performance tests. This test has proofed to be successful since it can predict the performance of candidate as a Chief Executive Officer in specific challenging situations. There are two types of performance test: work sample and assessment centres. Assessment centres employ technique of role plays and public speaking to assess candidates ability to tackle problems. This method has been echoed by many people as the most accurate; however it is a bit expensive. Likewise personality test has proofed to be the best approach in selecting candidates. There are four types of personality tests: Objective test, protective test, situation test, and interest test. The test is carried out to measures candidates’ attributes or characteristics. An interview is also one of the most widely used approaches. This is done in a way of conversation between the representatives of the employers and the candidate. There are two types of interviews employed by companies: bio-data or biographical, behavioural and situation interview. Interviews have been cited as sometimes ineffective; the interviewers’ level of training may not be adequate for facilitating interviews. In general, the approach a company chooses to use to assess their candidates should be based on the job description, necessary attributes of the candidate, and desired results.       References Acutt, J, Hattingh, S 2003, Occupational Health: Management Practice for Health Practitioners, Juta and Company Ltd, Claremont, Cape Town. Beaumont, PB 1993, Human resource management: key concepts and skills, SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA. Bertram, W Strauss, F 1964, New Ways to Better Meetings, Tavistock Publication Limited, 11 New Fetter Lane, London. Elsy, PA, 2009, Approaches to Management, Discovery Publishing House PVT. Ltd, New Delhi, India. Evers, A, Anderson, N, Voskuijl, O 2005, The Blackwell Handbook of Personnel Selection, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. Furnham, A 1994, Personality at work: the role of individual differences in the workplace, Routledge, London. Hudson, T, Clark, M 2008, Case Studies in Foreign Language Placement: Practices and Possibilities, Natl Foreign Lg Resource Ctr., Honolulu, HI. Ingram, TN, LaForge, RW Avila, RA 2008, Sales Management: Analysis and Decision Making, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY. Lata, P Kumar, S 2007, Communicate Or Collapse: A Handbook Of Effective Public Speaking Group Discussions And Interviews, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. Lewis et al. 2007, Management: challenges for tomorrow's leaders,   Thomson Higher Education, Mason, OH. Lubbe, B 2000, Tourist Distribution: Managing the Travel Intermediary, Juta and Company Ltd, Claremont, Cape Town. McKenna, EF 2000, Business Psychology and Organisational Behaviour, Psychology Press, Hove, East Sussex. Pidgeon, WP 2004, The not-for-profit CEO: How to Attain and Retain the Corner Office, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Prasad, MH Mohan, R 2005, How To Prepare For Group Discussion And Interview, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Rosenbloom, DH 1885, Public Personnel Policy: the Politics of Civil Service,Ardent Media, Tucson, Arizona Area. Shah, B 2010, Textbook of Pharmaceutical Industrial Management, Elsevier India, Haryana, New Delhi. Singh, LK 2008, Management of Travel Agency. Gyan Publishing House, DDA Market, Delhi. Smith, T 2000, Viable values: a study of life as the root and reward of morality, Rowman Littlefield, Oxford. Stewart KL, 2008, Top of the Curve: Students’ Guide for Interviewing and Career Success, Lulu.com, Hillsborough St Raleigh, NC. Us Dept of Labour, Bureau of Labour Statistics 2004, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2004-2005, Claitor's Law Books and Publishing, Baton Rouge, LA.

How to Write a Novel 5 Key Steps Every Good Book Needs [Template]

How to Write a Novel 5 Key Steps Every Good Book Needs [Template] How to Write a Novel: 5 Key Steps Every Good Book Needs [Template] If you misunderstand how to write a novel with the proper story structure, your book will never sell.Harsh, but true. And thats why were here to tell you the exact methods that skyrocketed the popularity of books like The Hunger Games and the Divergent series.Here are the steps for how to write a novel:The Setup for writing a novelThe Inciting IncidentThe First Slap of a novelThe Second SlapThe Climax of a novelBut before we dive right into those, we have to understand your unique writing methodin order for you to understandhow to write a novel in a way thats best for you.What is a Novel?A novel is a work of fiction told through narrative prose focusing on characters and a plot with at least some degree of realism.Essentially, a novel is a long story in which a message, theme, and plot are revealed slowly over the course of scenes and chapters that make up a bigger storyline.How Many Words in a Novel?The exact number of words that make up a novel varies greatly depending on the genre and personal taste, however, a book is considered a novel if it has more than 50,000 words.But that doesnt mean your book will be that long. You have to learn how many words are in your novel.Below is a table detailing how many words make up a novel in each respective genre, as some are typically longer than others.Type of WritingWord CountPages in a Typical BookExampleShort story100 - 15,0001 - 24 pages"The Gift of the Magi" by O. HenryNovella30,000 - 60,000100 - 200 pages"A Clockwork Orange" by Anthony BurgessNovel60,000 - 100,000200 - 350 pages"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone": by JK RowlingEpic Novel120,00 - 220,000+400 - 750+ pages"Game of Thrones" by George R.R. MartinKeep in mind that these are a baseline. You want to make sure your novel is in the ballpark word count for your genre and target audience but just remember that you can easily go over or under depending on how well the story is craftedand if it covers our 5 key milestones it will be craftedwell.How do you plan a novel? Your Novel Structure Breakdown ( Template)Planning a novel involves coming up with your plot, character development, knowing your audience, and outlining your book.Coming up with your plot involves knowing which genre you want to write or even utilizing a list of writing prompts to get your thoughts moving.Character development is one of the most vital parts of your novel. Take the time to know your characters and protagonist well before you start writing in order to better plot your novel to fit how they act.Your audience will dictate the type of content in your plot. You can always plot first and then decide if youll be writing young adult, new adult, adult, or even middle grade. Just make sure you categorize your novel correctly in order to reach the right audience.Once you know the above, youre ready to outline your novel. First, however, you have to figure out if youre a pantser, plotter, or somewhere in between before you can outline your book.If you want to hav e a solid fill-in-the-blank template, we have three story structures for planning your novel.Fill out the form below to gain access! Whats the Difference Between Pantser Versus PlotterA plotter is someone who plans out their novel with an outline before actually writing, whereas a pantser is someone who writes with seemingly no direction they write by the seat of their pants.Are you a plotter or a pantser?Fiction authors tend to fall into one of two buckets when writing their books.PantsersThese are writers who basically only have a few vague elements about the story in mind when they start writing, but nothing else.One of the most famous pantsers is Stephen King. In interviews, Stephen King has said that he often has an idea of the beginning, the premise, and a vague idea how it’s all going to end – and that’s all he needs to start writing his book.PlottersThese are writers who need to know every piece of their story, down to the minute detail, before they will write a single word. They have full, complete outlines that serve as a guide for their writing.They will know who each and every one of their characters are, what their motivations are, the chapters needed for the book, chapter sections, and in some cases, even paragraphs. Probably the most famous plotter out there is James Patterson.Knowing if youre a plotter or pantser will dictate your entire writing process.Clearly, it’s possible to be successful whether you’re a plotter or pantser. But here’s the harsh reality: whereas Stephen King and James Patterson sit on opposite extremes of the ‘Outline Spectrum’, most of us fall somewhere in between.But that still doesn’t answer the question:Are you a pantser or a plotter?My best advice is to be something in between. Someone who looks beyond the â€Å"outline† of a novel, and identifies something much more important in their story†¦the 5 key milestones were about to reveal to you. How to Write a Novel with 5 Key Milestones of Every Successful NovelMost novels and movies have five key points that make up the core of their story its a formula thats been around for longer than books have.This may not even be something authors do intentionally but rather, these are what make a story (even spoken) good and captivating.What’s more, these milestones are something that readers have subconsciously been trained to look for when digesting a piece of fiction. In other words, if you don’t have these five key moments, your reader is likely to turned off of your story because it didn’t meet expectations set by the hundreds (if not thousands) of stories they have already digested before yours.Lets get started.#1 The Setup when writing a novelThis is where you make your story promise and write an introduction that pulls readers in.Heres a solid resource for how to start a story if you need a few more tips.You tell your reader what kind of story it will be – a comedy, drama, mystery, fantasy, sci:In the Hunger Games, we meet Katniss. From her surroundings, it is obvious that she is poor, and as soon as she steps outside of her wooden shack we see hovering drones.Within the first few pages of this book, we have learned three essential things:This book is a dramaKatniss is our heroine and she has a miserable lifeSURPRISE! There are drones and other technologies that indicate this to be a sci:Katniss volunteers! In the Hunger Games, the inciting incident is irreversible because – quite literally – soldiers grab Katniss, whisk her away from her world, and into the world of the games.There is no escape.And even if she could get away, she would be hunted by the Capital for the rest of her life. With those two simple words, â€Å"I volunteer!† her life has changed forever.Note: There is an exception to this rule when it comes to romances.With romances, the inciting incident is almost always when the two lovebirds meet. (Not always, but for the vast majority of romances, this is the case.) With romances, try to create an inciting incident that si multaneously shows how perfect these two people are for each other while setting up the numerous reasons why they can’t be together.How to Write a Novel Action Step:Answer these questions in full and complete the brainstorming activity. What is your inciting incident? Is it strong enough? Are there ways you could up the stakes or shorten the timeline? How can you make it your inciting incident as impactful and irreversible as possible?Brainstorm several inciting incidents†¦ Don’t settle for one. Take a look at your inciting incidents and ask yourself this: Which one of these is the harshest, deadliest inciting incident of the bunch. Then pick that one.#3 The First SlapNow, we are away to the races for writing a novel!Over the next few chapters, your character should be making a series of gains and losses, where the aggregate result is that their situation is slightly better than what it was at the moment of the inciting incident.The reason why we need this up ward trajectory is because we are setting up the reader for the first slap.The first slap is the moment when everything that our hero has gained is lost in fell swoop. Your hero is brought down to zero. In other words, all gains are lost, and your hero’s situation has never been bleaker.The greater the fall, the more engaged your reader will be.First Slap Example:In the Hunger Games, Katniss’s world is brought down to zero when she actually enters the Games.Between the inciting incident on the first slap, Katniss has made several gains, garnering the attention of the Capital and making some friends along the way. But none of that matters the moment she enters the Games – and what a moment it is.How to Write a Novel Action Step:Brainstorm what your first slap can be. Like with the inciting incident, try to come up with 3:In the Hunger Games, the second slap is when the Game Masters announce that two tributes can survive the Games should they both be from the same district.Katniss goes looking for Peeta, only to find him mortally wounded – he is bleeding to death and won’t survive the next few hours, let alone the rest of the Games. We know enough about Katniss to realize that Peeta dying is the worst thing that could happen to her (besides her own death).But there is hope!An announcement is made that there is something at the cornucopia that the Tributes need, and Katniss just knows that there is medicine there for Peeta.How to Write a Novel Action Step:Brainstorm several seconds slaps and pick the harshest one. Then ask yourself: where is the hope and how will it lead into the climax?#5 The ClimaxThe rollercoaster that you’ve put your reader on is almost over.The reader has gone from an engaging setup where they get to learn about your characters and world to the inciting incident where everything is turned on its head.Then they are subjected to the first and second slaps where you embrace your inner sadomasochist in order to punish your hero and give the readers the thrills they so richly deserve.Now it is time to wrap it all up with the climax.There is only one rule to the climax. A rule that must be adhered to, no matter what genre you are writing in:Make it amazing! The climax should be the moment where your reader puts down the book and goes, â€Å"Holy S*%! That was awesome!†Novel Climax Example:The climax in the Hunger Games is the final confrontation between Katniss and the remaining Tributes, as well as the monsters that the Game Masters send after her. It is wrought with danger and excitement.But what makes the climax truly kickass is the poisonous berries at the end.If you don’t know what I’m talking about, pick up a copy of Hunger Games today and read it! You’ll immediately get why this scene is so amazing.How to Write a Novel Action Step:Brainstorm your kickass climactic scene! Show us how amazing, smart, resourceful, powerful your hero is when overcoming their final obstacles, but remember to make sure its realistic and makes sense for your character.There you have it: how to write a book is made much easier with your 5 key milestones. This method is particularly effective for first-time authors who are still finding their writing feet (or should I say typing fingers) and is an awesome resource that experienced writers can rely on time and again when planning their stories.The 5 Key Milestones combined with a spot-on Premise and A-Story will tell you where your story starts, where it is headed and how it will end.In other words, if you do the novel writing exercises above, you should have everything you need to get your novel to the finish line.

101 Pathos and Fallacies Professor Ramos Blog

101 Pathos and Fallacies Four Strategies Quick Write Argument prompt 4 Ways to Persuade with Emotion (Pathos) Four Strategies Concrete Examples Connotative Diction Metaphors and Similes Tone Appeals to pathos target the link between audience members and their values. When we act on our values, we experience emotions like happiness, pride, satisfaction, etc. When we do not, we often feel shame, fear, or anger. The same goes for the actions of people around us: we are often pleased when the actions of people around us align with our values and angry when they don’t. Persuasion: Emotion Handout Appeals to Emotions Images can be used to instill an emotional response in the audience. Even implied images in text can be very emotionally powerful. A description of blood stained clothes draws certain emotions in a reader. Lawyers know how important visuals can be. They dress their defendants in suits and ties to make them seem more credible. Types of emotional appeals: appeal to pity appeal to fear appeal to self-interest Sexual bandwagon humor celebrity testimonials identity prejudice lifestyle stereotypes patriotic Would you persuade, speak of Interest, not Reason. – Benjamin Franklin Images as Arguments Images can be used to help us see the argument that the author is intending. They can be used to lower our skepticism, visual proof of something that happened. This is problematic nowadays with the popularity of programs such as Photoshop, where images can be changed or manipulated. Now more than ever, we have to be weary of taking images at face value. We have to critically think about images and their intended effect. Three basic questions we can ask. Who produced the image? Who distributed the image? Who consumed the image? If you think that pictures will help you make the point you are arguing, include them with captions explaining their sources and relevance. Persuasive Techniques in Advertising This is a great video that shows how pathos, logos, and ethos are used in advertising. Duration 8:28 Persuasive Techniques in Advertising Quick Write Fallacy Definition a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument. a failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. faulty reasoning; misleading or unsound argument. We will be talking about fallacies today. These are general definitions of a fallacy. In your own words, what is a fallacy? What fallacies have you heard of? Intro to Fallacies Fallacies are connected to the different appeals: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos. Remember, Ethos is appeals to credibility or character Logos is appeals to logic and reason Pathos is appeals to feelings or emotions. Appealing to ethos or pathos is not in itself a fallacy, only appealing to them or using them unethically is.  Here is an example of a fallacy used to persuade. Why do we say this is a fallacy? Key Terms Argument: A conclusion together with the premises that support it. Premise: A reason offered as support for another claim. Conclusion: A claim that is supported by a premise. Valid: An argument whose premises genuinely support its conclusion. Unsound: An argument that has at least one false premise. Fallacy:  An argument that relies upon faulty reasoning. Booby-trap: An argument that, while not a fallacy itself, might lead an inattentive reader to commit a fallacy. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Fallacies This is a great resource for further reading on fallacies and how they are  not so simple. The article  lists 223 of the most common fallacies. I do not expect you to know them all or to never use any. Fallacies are controversial. We appreciate logic and honesty in Western rhetorical thinking and that is at odds with many fallacies. Fallacies are not necessarily wrong, they work very well and are very good at persuading people. Fallacies are considered unethical and so we try to avoid them. They are thought of as flaws in thought, tricks, and sneaky uses of persuasion to convince others.