The Argument About Film Student Scholarship Essay Samples

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Product Team Cialis Getting Ready to Market - 832 Words

Lecture 10: Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market (case 12) 1-) The most relevant dimensions along which to segment the patient market for the Erectile Dysfuction (ED) treatment are demographic, psychographic and behavioral dimensions. With demographic segmentation, we divide the market into groups on the basis of variables such as age, family size, family life cycle, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation, nationality and social class. The prevalence of ED increases with age and depends on gender. With psychographic segmentation, we use psychology and demographics to better understand consumers. Buyers are divided into different groups on the basis of psychological/personality traits, lifestyle†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Distinct: -An extended period of time effectiveness leads to a greater window of opportunity to choose the right moment which also leads to less pressure and force on the sexual partner/ couple -the absorption of Cialis is not affected by food intake -favorable safety profile; safety due to lesser inhibition of bodily enzymes when consumed -no visual irregularity as side effect unlike for Viagra -the active ingredient tadalafil Competitive issues the Cialis should consider: -Customer pains against the Viagra, the Viagra drop outs. -The emphasis on the greater benefits of Cialis compared to Viagra. Which benefits to emphasize and how to emphasize. -Who to start with when building awareness of Cialis: physicians, patients, influential partners of patients. -The probability doctors will switch from prescribing Viagra, which has first mover advantages and is already considered a reasonable solution to ED, to prescribing Cialis. -Pricing: the prices of competitors and how much is covered by the health insurance. -Branding, how to commercialize, how to set the image. 3-) With its notably successful launch, Viagra’s brand name immediately became the common noun for the symptom it said it would treat. Its recognition far transcended the circles of ED patients and the medical industry. It quickly mushroomed into a cultural phenomenon, becoming the subject of dinner-table conversations and late-night television comedy. Viagra had a huge impact onShow MoreRelatedEssay Product Team Cialis Getting Ready to Market1277 Words   |  6 PagesProduct Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market MKT Q1. In 2002, Viagra was the only clinically proven, FDA approved medication for Erectile Dysfunction (ED) on the market (Cialis – Dec 2003, Levitra – Sept 2003). Viagra had the highest brand recognition of any pharmaceutical product on the market. It had generated over one billion dollars in annual sales for 3 consecutive years since its introduction in 1998. In 2002, Viagra accounted for 5.3% ($1.73 billion) in sales of Pfizer’s annualRead MoreProduct Team Cialis Getting Ready to Market780 Words   |  4 PagesPositioning Case: Product Team Cialis_Getting Ready to Market (HBS 9-505-038) The Actors: - Mark Babato, the executive director and global product team leader for Cialis - Rob Brown, the global marketing director from Lilly - Leonard Blum, vice president of sales and marketing from ICOS - Sidney Taurel, Chairman of the Board, President and CEO of Lilly Problem Analysis: | |VIAGRA |CIALIS Read MoreProduct Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market Essay3273 Words   |  14 Pages1. What are the most relevant dimensions to use to segment the patient market for ED treatment? Select only the most relevant! The most relevant dimensions to use in order to create useful segments for Cialis are: 1. Age 2. Demographic Demographic Marital Status 3. Income 4. Education 5. Psychographic Psychographic Life Stage/Occupation (Student, Employed or Retired) 6. Values 7. Usage Patterns Firstly, age is a valuable dimension due to the strong positive correlationRead MoreCialis - Harvard Business School Case: Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market1439 Words   |  6 Pages1.Problem StatementLilly- ICOS LLC is about to launch a new and innovative product intended to help men suffering from Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Because of the unique product features, Cialis - the product - has good chances of becoming successful even though it is entering a segment, where Pfizers Viagra is the undisputed market leader. In this context, Lilly- ICOS LLC must decide on a marketing strategy, in particular which groups to target and which positioning thus which communication strategyRead MoreCialis Case Essay9153 Words   |  37 PagesHARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL 9-505-038 REV: JUl Y 2 8. 201 0 ElIE OFEK Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market It was early 2002, and Mark Barbato, the executive director and global product team leader for Cialis, knew he faced a daunting task: launching a medicine for the treatment of male impotence in a market with an established leader-Viagra. 1 Not only had Viagra been generating over $1 billion in sales annually for its parent company Pfizer for three consecutive years, butRead MoreCialis Hbs Case986 Words   |  4 PagesProduct Team Cialis Getting Ready to Market 1.- What trends you think could influence positively and negatively the ED market? The usual market for medication has only main target audience: doctors. They are the ones that will need to be ‘sold’ on the product while patients will mostly take whatever they are prescribed. This case is slightly different due to the fact that 1) the brand Viagra has an unusual high awareness among patients, and 2) the influencing factor of partners is high. ThisRead MoreCase Analysis Cialis Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesTracy Rucker Marketing Mid-Term 2012 March 1, 2012 Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market Brief Background Erectile dysfunction’ is the failure to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual experience. It affects 150 million men globally. In March1998, Viagra (Sildenafil) was the first oral medication approved for use in ‘erectile dysfunction. Viagra had a very successful launch with a total of 600,000 prescriptions filled in the first month (April 1998), andRead MoreCase Study - Cialis - Ready to Market6941 Words   |  28 PagesTable of Contents: Team Cialis A) Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 B) Situation Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 C) SWOT analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1. Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 a. Opportunities b. Treats 2. The Firm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 a. Strengths b. Weaknesses D) Options Generated†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 E) Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 F) Suggested Plan of Implementation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages215 221 223 223 230 236 241 246 248 250 251 255 261 4 Market and environmental analysis 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Learning objectives Introduction: the changing business environment (or the new marketing reality) Analysing the environment The nature of the marketing environment The evolution of environmental analysis The political, economic, social and technological environments Coming to terms with the industry and market breakpoints Coming to terms with the very different future:

Reasons to Be Pretty, a Play by Neil LaBute

Reasons to Be Pretty is a hard-edged comedy written by Neil LaBute. It is the third and final installment of a trilogy (The Shape of Things, Fat Pig, and Reasons to Be Pretty). The trio of plays are connected not by characters or plot but by the recurring theme of body image within American society. Reasons to Be Pretty premiered on Broadway in 2008. It was nominated for three Tony Awards (Best Play, Best Leading Actress, and Best Leading Actor). Meet the Characters Steph is the central argument of the play. Throughout the story, she is furious. She feels emotionally wounded by her boyfriend—who believes that her face is regular (which she views as a way of saying that she is not beautiful). Greg, the protagonist, spends most of his life trying to explain his misunderstood intentions to others. Like other leading men in Neil LaBute plays, he is far more affable than the male supporting characters (who are always foul-mouthed jerks). In spite of his low-key, eager-to-remain-calm personality, Greg somehow evokes anger from the rest of the characters. Kent is the obnoxious jerk character we were just talking about. He is crude, down-to-earth, and believes that his life is better than perfect. He not only has a good-looking wife, but hes also tangled in a work-related affair. Carly is the wife of Kent and the best friend of Stephanie. She sets the conflict in motion, spreading gossip about Gregs supposedly true feelings. Reasons to Be Pretty Plot Summary of Act One Scene One In Scene One, Steph is very angry because her boyfriend Greg supposedly said something derogatory about her physical appearance. After a heated argument, Greg explains he and his friend Kent had a conversation in Kents garage. Kent had mentioned that the newly hired woman at their workplace was hot. According to Greg, he replied: Maybe Steph hasnt got a face like that girls. Maybe Stephs face is just regular. But I wouldnt trade her for a million bucks. After his admission, Steph storms out of the room. Scene Two Greg hangs out with Kent, recounting his fight with Stephanie. During their conversation, Kent chastises him about eating an energy bar directly after a meal, claiming that Greg will get fat. Kent goes into the bathroom. Kents wife Carly arrives. Carly is in law enforcement. She is the one who gossiped to Steph about Gregs conversation, regarding her regular face. Carly harshly criticizes Greg, detailing how upset Steph has become, reacting to his insensitive words. Greg argues that he was trying to say something complimentary about Steph. Carly states that his communication skills suck. When Kent finally returns from the bathroom, he defuses the argument, kisses Carly, and advises Greg to treat women nicely to keep the relationship happy. Ironically, whenever Carly is not around, Kent is far more demeaning and derogatory than Greg. Scene Three Steph meets Greg in neutral territory: a restaurant at lunchtime. He has brought her flowers, but she remains intent on moving out and ending their four-year relationship. She wants to be with someone who sees her as beautiful. After unleashing more of her anger and rebuking Gregs attempts at reconciliation, Steph demands the keys so she can remove all of her items from their home. Greg finally fights back (verbally) and says that he doesnt want to see her stupid face anymore. That makes Stephanie snap! Steph makes him sit back down at the table. She then pulls out a letter from her purse. She has written down everything about Greg that she dislikes. Her letter is a vicious (yet amusing) tirade, detailing all of his physical and sexual flaws, from head to toe. After reading the hateful letter, she admits that she wrote all of those things to hurt him. However, she says that his comment about her face represents his true beliefs, and can therefore never be forgotten or taken back. Scene Four Kent and Carly sit together, complaining about work and money. Carly criticizes her husbands lack of maturity. Just as they start to makeup, Greg arrives to hang out and read a book. Carly leaves, annoyed because she blames Greg for making Steph move away. Kent reluctantly confides in Greg, admitting that he is having an affair with the hot girl at work. He goes through a long list of positive details about her physique. (In many ways it is the opposite of Stephs angry letter monologue.) At the end of the scene, Kent makes Greg promise not to reveal the affair to anyone (especially Steph or Carly). Kent claims that men must stick together because they are like buffalo. Act One of Reasons to Be Pretty concludes with Gregs realization that his relationship is not the only one that has fallen apart.

Brave New World By Aldous Huxley - 1150 Words

Jayden Gibson Limon ERWC Period 5 3 March 2017 Brave New World Essay The novel Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley has been reviewed over time by many different people. Neil Postman is a man who has read Huxley’s novel and came to conclusions himself. Postman has made many relevant assertions as to how our modern society is similar to what Huxley had wrote about. Three main points I agree on with Postman is that people will begin to love their oppression, people would have no reason to fear books, and that the truth will be drowned by irrelevance. The first assertion Postman made regarded people loving their oppression. â€Å"As he (Huxley) saw it, people will come to love their oppression, to adore the technologies that†¦show more content†¦In our society, people rely so much on technology to gain information. Most people look on social media sites for the daily news instead of reading the paper or watching the T.V. Not so much on the emotional side like in the novel, but more on the technical level, people can’t figure things out on their own. People rely too much on technology to get them through their day. The second assertion Postman made was relating to the hobby of reading books. â€Å"What Huxley feared was that there would be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. This quotes relates to the modern world today very clearly in places where technology exists. People seem to get caught up in the realm of technology, that things such as reading a book seems too abnormal. One can download a book on their phone quicker than it takes to go to the store and buy the book. People get lazy and tend to forget about the relaxing things in life. I choose the quote, â€Å"We can t allow science to undo its own good work†( pg. 227). This quote shows that since science has created technology, it always isn’t a good thing. I believe that once people get used to technology, such as smartphones, being able to look something up in the flick of a switch or summarizing a whole novel in one youtube video, people have really been steered away from acti vities such as reading a book for pure interest. It is very true whenShow MoreRelatedA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley668 Words   |  3 PagesIn Brave New World, there are similarities that have a deeper meaning that we can understand. There are personal effects in Aldous Huxley life that contribute to what he has written in the book. Aldous Huxley throughout his life have seen, done, and events have happened to him, just like all of us, but he has expressed it in his book. So when Aldous wrote the he had so many ideas. I have read the book; it’s notRead MoreBrave New World by Aldous Huxley811 Words   |  3 Pages Brave New World is based around characters who gave up the right of freedom for happiness; characters who ignored the truth so that they could live in a utopian civilization. The deceiving happiness was a constant reminder throughout the book. Almost every character in Brave New World did whatever they could to avoid facing the truth about their own situations. In this society, happiness is not compatible with the truth because the World State believes that happiness was at the expense of theRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley1525 Words   |  7 PagesA Brave New Feminist The novel Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley in 1932 is known for its social satire, utopian values, and unusual standpoints on stereotypical gender roles. In this time where futuristic technology has completely taken over, and men and women are given the same opportunities for everything, â€Å"the genders appear equal within the social order; both men and women work at the same jobs, have equal choice in sexual partners, and participate in the same leisure pursuits† (MarchRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley664 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the fact being in the future and in the past time has changed and many differences were made. In his Dystopian Society Huxley portrays masses of niches where the government produces clones for specific reasons. Huxley decides throughout Brave New World that cloning humans is unethical. He then becomes in contact with the society’s most powerful Alphas and Betas clones. Huxley suggest in BNW that lower class groups in clo ning humans to act like servants to terrorize them into working hard conditionsRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1189 Words   |  5 Pages In the world of sex, drugs, and baby cloning you are going to be in many situations where you feel like the world we live in should be different. In the story Brave New World, they had sex with multiple partners along with a very bad use of drugs. It is weird that Aldous Huxley wrote this book in 1931 about the world he was living in during that time and how it is similar to the world we live in today. Nowadays, drugs are still being used and people are still engaging in sexual encounters withRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley968 Words   |  4 PagesAldous Huxley’s utopia in Brave New World foreshadowed and illuminated the complications within modern day society. Upon its release, the narrative became widely banned all over the United States due to the unorthodox thoughts and actions of multiple characters in it. Early readers, as well as modern day audiences, feared and rejected the ideals that Huxley incorporated into his perfect society; however, our society today is heading towards the dark paths the older generations desired to avoid. Read MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley895 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley tells of a society where everyone is the same but, compared to t oday’s society, everything is different. Huxley tells of a world where everything that happens or takes place is because of one’s own desire and nothing more. The hero in the novel, a â€Å"savage† named John, is Huxley’s main focal point. It is through his eyes and mind that the reader sees what’s going on. Now when I read this novel, I began to think, â€Å"Could this perfect, conformed world actuallyRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1684 Words   |  7 Pagesimperfect world and is usually only a hopeful dream. These types of worlds can greatly be described in detail through the world of science fiction. Aldous Huxley was an English writer who lived during a time when war and chaos were engulfing the world. His works reflect his view and thoughts on a dystopia, which is a false utopia, and describes what could occur in possible governments of the world. The ability to understand and dive into the thoughts of the author is what make s world literatureRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley614 Words   |  2 Pagesthem truly happy. What if someone were to tell you that what you thought was true happiness was all an illusion. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley people in the world state are conditioned and drugged up by soma to not experience true happiness. In a world that is perfect, human beings do not have to depend on drugs to keep our world in balance. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley there is always a perfect drug called soma that keeps everyone happy, which they have based their society on. ThisRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley948 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to a world were â€Å"Brave† is not just a word; It has a true meaning. This is a story were everything as you know it, doesn’t seem to be right and will completely change your way of thinking. When this story was written, life was very harsh for many people†¦.Mostly for the author who wrote â€Å"Brave New World† During this time (1930s) they didn’t have much sexual content Living The Future Of The Past In The Present†¦.. In the air; But Aldous made a future full of sex for them and we are the

The Characteristics of Literary Journalism and Use within the Context of the Story of Gunnar Larsen Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Literary perspective is mainly discussed in relation to new or literary journalism (Chevalier 696). It means the perspective has been given particular emphasis and importance especially in the field of literary journalism because it enables the author or narrator to appropriately understand the role and involvement of characters and their overall purpose with respect to the other characters and to the overall theme of play or writing. More specifically, the perspective represents a dimension or point of view of a particular character within a particular context, keeping in the view the entire theme and objective of play or a piece of literary journalistic writing. For example, in the quoted novel, it sent shivers down the spine (Bech-Karlsen 46), highlights the perspective of Larsen in which he and his companion, during the hunting, felt the heat of the moment and realized the severity of the entire chasing process. From the perspective of other natural elements, such as dew, fores t, it was irrelevant because their perspective with regard to the scene was different than the perspective of Larsen and his companion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Characteristics of Literary Journalism and Use within the Context of the Story of Gunnar Larsen or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Simultaneously, within this context, both types of chorology have different objectives and outcomes as the entire piece of literary journalistic writing are based on the factual or real-life situations in which a particular arrangement of scenes retains a specific type of chronology.

George Orwell s 1984 And Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451

In a totalitarian government, the citizens have no say in how a country is controlled. There will be a few individuals who feel barricaded and want to liberate themselves from the oppressive government. In George Orwell’s 1984 and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 both main characters, Winston Smith and Guy Montag, want control over their lives but it is destroyed by the oppression of individual thinking under a totalitarian government. Two factors that help create control in their life are the relationships they form and access to information. However, in the end of each novel, Winston is not able to find the control he wants in his life, whilst, Guy is able to liberate himself and have control over his own life. In both novels, many relationships are used to find control in their lives. In Orwell’s 1984, Winston forms a relationship with Julia so he can rebel against Big Brother, showing that he is still able to control parts of his life. The only connection that Winston and Julia have with one another is the desire to rebel against Big Brother. This is shown when the narrator says: â€Å"His heart leapt. Scores of times she had done it: he wished it had been hundreds thousands. Anything that hinted at corruption always filled him with a wild hope. Anything to rot, to weaken, to undermine! Listen. The more men you ve had, the more I love you. Do you understand that?(111) This shows that his only reason to be with Julia is in fact to rebel against the totalitarian governmentShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 And George Orwell1669 Words   |  7 PagesAs said by George Orwell, â€Å"It is not possible for any thinking person to live in such a society as our own without wanting to change it,† (Orwell). This idea, under the category of knowledge, is reflected through two novels—Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 and George Orwell’s 1984—as people who spend time thinking are caught rebelling against the government’s power and face severe consequences. The protagonists, Montag and Winston, are both desperately searchin g for answers that pique their curiosityRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By George Orwell1931 Words   |  8 Pagescertain freedoms were implemented into these novels which generated connections between these stories. In his novel, Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury describes a distant world in which the idea of censorship was exaggerated to such an extent that it was illegal for any literature to exist, and if found books are burned by the firemen. Similar to Bradbury’s society, 1984 by George Orwell includes a corrupt government where members of the Party are under surveillance at all hours of the day, and the worstRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last dec ade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life, while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 Essay2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe analysis of Ray Bradbury s dystopian novel, Fahrenheit 451, shows that literature as books, education and alike is abused and criminalized in the hero’s reality, who is Guy Montag. The novel’s setting is when new things seem to have totally replaced literature, fire fighters set flames instead of putting them out, the ownership of books is deserving of the law and to restrict the standard is to court demise. The oppression of literature through innovation and technology can be analyzed throughRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Critical Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lintang Syuhada 13150024 Book Report 1 Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay Human beings are naturally curious. We are always in search of better ideas, and new solutions to problems. One of a basic idea of Indonesia has been freedom of thinking and a free flow of ideas. But in some societies, governments try to keep their people ignorant. Usually, this is so governments can keep people under control and hold on to their power. In trying to keep people from the realities of the world, these oppressiveRead MoreComparing Dystopic Worlds in George Orwells 1984 and Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451.2257 Words   |  10 Pagesworld that authors such as Bradbury and George Orwell pictures in their books, a world that exists under the image of utopia, and yet to the reader seems like a foreign, inhumane residence dominated by an all-powerful government. George Orwells 1984, and Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 depicts two different dystopic worlds. The settings of both books are different and the characters are unique; however, both of these books are also very similar. 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are similar dystopic literaturesRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1591 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is a display of how humans are relying more and more on technology for entertainment at the price of their ability for intellectual development. It is a novel about technological dystopia, often compared to other novels such as, George Orwell’s 1984 and Asimov Ender’s Game. Although today’s technology has not quite caught up with Bradbury’s expectations, the threat of having his vision of a dystrophic society is very realistic. He sees a futuristic society in whichRead More 198451: The Year of the Salamander Essay1864 Words   |  8 Pages When comparing the masterpieces of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 the astute reader is immediately able to see a minimum of two recurring themes in both of them. â€Å"Orwell had produced an imaginative treatise of totalitarianism, cutting across all ideologies, warning of the threat to humanity should any government, of whatever political complexion, assume absolute power† (Nineteen Eighty-Four 12). Meanwhile Bradbury described the horrors of a society thatRead MoreEssay Moral and Ethical Issues, A Comparative Study2300 Words   |  10 Pagesour moral values and ethical views. This paper will explore some moral and ethical issues about choice through several short stories: Sonny Blues, Cathedral, and The Lottery, and there will be two novels explored primarily; Fahrenheit 451 and George Orwells 1984. The moral and ethical views that these books and short stories show us about our society today and the lessons that everyo ne could learn from them will be explored. To do this we must first understand the difference between moralsRead MoreGeorge Orwell And Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1354 Words   |  6 Pagesso alike in the ways everyone would think: but when you dig deeper you can see just how different they may be. Both Katharine and Mildred, two character from 1984 by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, are ignorant women married to the main characters of the novels: Winston Smith, from 1984, and Guy Montag, from Fahrenheit 451. The women seem almost identical in going through their bland lives everyday talking to the relatives and listening to the telescreen, but in some ways they are

My Holiday- Personal Narrative Essay - 733 Words

My Holiday- Personal Narrative This was the boarding day itself, the day which I had been dreading for weeks but also ecstatic about. The day started early for me, getting up at four in the morning due to the fact that I couldn’t sleep that night. I felt mixed emotions as I was lying in bed, I was extremely excited for my vacation to Hong Kong since it was going to be my first ever holiday abroad. The fact that I would be flying on an aeroplane as well also made me feel petrified. The thought of around 60 people on an aircraft approximately 8,000 metres above sea level, on a plane that could catch on fire at any moment was absolutely terrifying and I was also told by my parents that the flight†¦show more content†¦We then set off to the airport and the journey in the cramped car wasn’t that thrilling but I decided to take my mind off the foul smell and think more about my five day vacation. I heard from my friends that there would be loads of shopping for me to do at the airport so I could take my mind of things then as they knew I was anxious to go on the plane. Unexpectedly something suddenly vibrated in my front pocket. â€Å"You don’t have to buy anything for me, just come back safely.† It was a mobile phone message I received from my friend. It seemed to be the same idea that I got from my family as well. Nobody was expecting anything from me and my mum but to merely come back safely. Flight BA616 will be leaving shortly, please could all passengers be at the boarding gate number 33, this will be the last warning. A lady was calling our boarding gate number and it was time to enter the plane, her voice was gentle and soothing and it calmed my nerves down as we were walking towards the gate, I could finally see our plane and it was gigantic!! My anticipation grew as my mum lead the way to our seats and I released we were walking quite a long way to the back of the aircraft, then we arrived and we had reserved the two window seats near the back of the plane. I had never imagined itShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative: My Holiday in Japan Essay examples608 Words   |  3 PagesThe breathtaking scenery just swept me off my feet. The pavements, trees and even the vehicles by the roadside were covered under the thick layer of snow. As I walked down the streets, the refreshing winter breeze blew against my face. It was like a dream come true. I was in Japan, the country I have wanted to visit all my life. That December holiday, my parents finally decided to bring the family for a holiday in Japan. When we arrived there, the first thing that struck me was the scenery, it wasRead MoreMy World View906 Words   |  4 PagesWithin each and every individual lies a set of beliefs that help set the foundation and fundamentals of his or her existence. These beliefs are uniquely crafted from ones own experience and personal choices, or established through an others personal influences or doctrine. No matter the scenario, these beliefs determine an individuals priorities, justify their actions, help determine what he or she is fond of and aids them in answering some of lifes challenging questions. Most importantly theseRead MoreNarrative Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essays: To Tell a Story There are four types of essays: Exposition - gives information about various topics to the reader. Description - describes in detail characteristics and traits. Argument - convinces the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. 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UN Human Rights Regime Assignment Free Essays

string(49) " achieve common good for the society as a whole\." Introduction ‘The International Bill of Human Rights is a promissory note to recognize, promote and protect the inherent dignity of individuals. However, justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights in a State.’ Critically examine this statement. We will write a custom essay sample on UN Human Rights Regime Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The International Bill of Human Rights comprises the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1950, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 (ICCPR) (with its two Optional Protocols) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966, all adopted by the United Nations. The ideas inherent in these declarations/protocols are directed at recognising, promoting and protecting the inherent dignity of individuals. However, these ideas may come into conflict with a range of other principles, including amnesty laws enacted by individual states. Amnesty may be defined as a pardon given by a government to a group of people who have not yet been convicted. By its very nature amnesty presupposes the complete obliteration of past offences of individuals. Currently, in the age of accountability, there is a prohibition on amnesties for serious crimes under international law[1], and many argue that this trend is likely to continue. For example, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights bans any amnesty provision which is capable of eliminating responsibility for a serious crime under the Convention. The ‘new’ UN position on amnesties also emphasises the denial of amnesty for the perpetrators of serious crimes involving gross human rights violations. However, as Orentlicher argues, it is not clear whether all amnesties should be held unlawful, (1991:80). This essay will first provide a criticism of the statement above and then outline weaknesses behind that criticism, arguing that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of the state, despite the wording of the International Bill of Rights. It will then provide concrete arguments in support of the statement and conclude that, despite all the injustices inherent in the idea of granting amnesty for gross violations of human rights, it is sometimes the only available measure in the circumstances and, therefore, is completely justified by necessity. There are a number of arguments against the idea that justice must defer to amnesty when there is a gross violation of human rights, and most of these arguments, as Orentlicher points out, stem from the legal, moral and political duties of a state to hold the perpetrators of gross human rights violations accountable (1991:43). Firstly, it could be argued that although there is no treaty explicitly prohibiting amnesty, the International Bill of Human Rights presupposes such a prohibition. For example, Article 2 (3) of the ICCPR provides for a right to an effective remedy, which may be understood as requiring states to ensure that punishment of human rights offenders is carried out.[2] Moreover, the UN Human Rights Committee states in 1992 that â€Å"amnesties are generally incompatible with the duty of states to investigate [acts of torture]†[3]†¦to guarantee freedom from such actions† and â€Å"to ensure that they do not occur in the future†.[4] In this respect, any amnesty provision can potentially appear to be in a direct conflict with the wording and spirit of the Covenant, especially since it can potentially deny persons from seeking compensation through court. This means that a person’s right to access to court is also denied. Moreover, the body of jurisprudence of such organs as the UN and Inter-American systems points to the conclusion that amnesties should be seen as incompatible with basic human rights obligations of states, (Robinson, 2003:486). However, as Freeman points out, the right to a remedy is not as broad as it is often thought to be (2009:40), and there is no right available to people to force a prosecution. The right to remedy only places an obligation on the state to conduct an effective investigation which may lead to the capture and punishment of offenders. Also, international law does not state that states must prosecute every human rights violation in every case. The UN has also been seen as supporting amnesty measures which were related to international crimes and which were necessary to end military deadlock, (Naqvi, 2003:34). It could also be argued that perhaps the key word in the UN Human Rights Committee’s General Comment of 1992 is ‘generally’ and the inclusion/use of an amnesty provision may sometimes be justified in the circumstances. Moreover, as Robinson (2009:489) argues, â€Å"to impose a duty to prosecute on some states is simply to impose too much burden on them, as some democracies are too fragile and if they start prosecuting, it may lead to their destruction†. It may also be impossible to prosecute all the offenders if the scale of human rights violations is very large in a country. Although to this one may reply that governments may choose to prosecute leaders of gross human rights violations instead, this may also be undesirable in certain circumstances. Leaders may have close attachments to their community, and their prosecution may lead to further revolts and bloodshed. Alston and Goodman (2012:1391) argue on similar lines, stating that if one denies the participation of former leaders (who are also the perpetrators of past offences) in a present government, it may effectively â€Å"obstruct social integration and political stability†. By way of example, Alston and Goodman refer to the undesirable consequences of prosecuting major organisations who were involved in the apartheid regime in South Africa, (2012: 1392). Perhaps the most powerful argument against amnesties involves victims’ rights and tolerance of impunity. Protesters of amnesty measures argue that amnesty infringes states’ obligations to make sure that victims receive means to achieve justice, and seek out the truth in their cases (Mallinder, 2008:7). By imposing an amnesty measure, the perpetrators’ crimes are effectively denied, causing victims to feel alienated from society, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of vigilantism on their part (Mallinder, 2008:10). There are not many who would deny the negative impact that amnesty has on victims and/or their families, and the argument here is that such a negative impact cannot be avoided if one is to achieve common good for the society as a whole. You read "UN Human Rights Regime Assignment" in category "Essay examples" Another point against the statement that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights is that such a deferral, by its very nature, prevents the achievement of the aims of criminal justice, such as prosecution, retribution, stigmatisation and deterrence (Freeman, 2009: 20). Aston and Goodman take this view and point out that trials can be very important in the promotion of â€Å"norms and expectations of punishment† in the country, (Alston and Goodman, 2012:1392). Moreover, as Freeman points out, the deferral of justice to amnesty in spite of the International Bill of Human Rights’ promissory note, undermines public confidence in the rule of law, (Freeman, 2009: 33). However, even assuming that amnesty is capable of preventing the realisation of some of the criminal justice’s goals, it should not be forgotten that an amnesty measure can take many forms. Freeman states that, more often than not, an amnesty measure would be accompanied by other provisions, such a reparation programme, which may lessen the harm caused by an amnesty, and an amnesty’s potential harm caused is always overestimated, (2009:25). Another argument is that there are many conditional amnesties in existence, which may encompass some of the aims of the criminal justice process, for example, Freeman enumerates a number of temporal and provisions amnesties, (2009:93). Even if one takes into account the need for a trial and all its benefits, it is not altogether clear that a trial or its threat may lead to beneficial results in every case, because as Freeman argues, a threat of a trial may lead to the perpetrators destroying the vital evidence needed in the future for the victims or their relatives to find out the truth about a crime, (2009:24). In support of this argument Alston and Goodman also state that any attempts at prosecution in a state which undergoes the transition from an authoritarian past may threaten a delicate peace-conflict balance between different groups, (2012:1391). Mallinder makes a similar argument when she states that although the trial of leaders may benefit the society by asserting the supremacy of democratic values (as argued by Scharf), there may not be enough evidence to put those leaders on trial in the first place, (2008:18). Here, it is interesting to point out an illuminating point made by Mallinder that there could be an instance where the distinction between victims and perpetrators is not clear, for example, in the case of child soldiers who are part of a rebel group in Uganda, and, therefore, the prosecution and punishment may have to take a back seat, (Mallinder, 2009: 34). Clark also questions the belief that the promotion of individual criminal responsibility is always desirable, (in Lessa and Payne, 2012:13). He draws attention to the criminal prosecutions in Rwanda and Uganda, and argues that by insisting on the prosecutions, the international organisations overlooked â€Å"the specific context and dynamics of these countries†, for example, the absence of legal procedures and institutions to carry out an effective judicial process, (2012:14). This means that even though the countries may be the signatories of the International Bill of Human Rights, their specific contexts should be taken into account, and may be used to justify the imposition of conditional amnesties. One of other widespread arguments against the idea that amnesty should be granted is that doing so only creates a culture of impunity, encouraging future violence, and prevents accountability. This view has a widespread support from many governments around the world, for example, from the government of Sri Lanka.[5] When academics make this argument they often refer to the offenders who continue violate human rights, and are only stopped when amnesty is granted to them. The clear example of this is Ugandan rebel group ‘The Lord Resistance Army’s public statement that they will only stop the violence if amnesty is granted to its members. Nevertheless, to these arguments it can be replied that it is not necessarily the case that amnesty will produce further violence, and in fact, there may be situations where one must choose a lesser of two evils and invoke an amnesty provision. Freeman supports this argument. Therefore, it seems that although the case for the abolition of amnesty is a strong one, it is not without its weaknesses, and despite the promissory note of the International Bill of Human Rights, there may be circumstances where the imposition of an amnesty provision is not a truly unthinkable course of action. It is clear that there are obvious discrepancies between the theoretical foundations of the International Bill of Human Rights and the practical application of the Bill. There inevitably will be circumstances where it is unwise to follow the literal meaning of the Bill. The reality of an international/domestic political scene is that sometimes compromises must be made in order to safeguard peace in a country and prevent further conflict. In the same vein, Snyder and Vinjamuri maintain that in order to prevent future violations of rights and reinforce the respect for the rule of law it is often necessary to â€Å"strike politically expedient bargains that create effective coalitions to contain the power of potential perpetrators of abuses,† (Snyder and Vinjamuri, 2003:17). Thus, one of the main arguments for the proposition that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights is that such deferral of justice is likely to foster reconciliation and may be necessary to achieve peace in terms of promoting political settlement. Linked to this is an argument that amnesties are needed so that a state can make a break from its past and start from a ‘clean slate’, (Mallinder, 2008:13). Governments often use these reasons to justify the imposition of amnesties when it is necessary to end violence. However, this view is becoming more controversial as the states-signatories to the International Bill of Human Rights move to the implementation of more mechanisms of accountability, and this view is not shared by everyone. For example, in 2007 the ICC Prosecutor, Lois Moreno-Ocampo termed the demands of amnesty made by combatants as being nothing less than pure blackmail. Moreover, the offering of amnesty may appear as t hough a state is showing signs of weakness, which may, in turn, encourage more violations of human rights, (Mallinder, 2008:12). However, despite this, Freeman supports the view that amnesties may sometimes be necessary to achieve peace in a state, (2009:11). He contends that there may not be any other choice for societies which have gone through mass violence and genocide, (2009:7). Freeman asserts that he is against the idea of impunity for serious crime, but he states that there may be situations where the desire for peace and security should stand above any impunity which may result from granting amnesty (2009:6). In particular, he states that if we look at such countries as Burma and Somalia and their particular contexts, one may be forgiven for wishing any kind of amnesty in order to ensure the survival of people by lessening daily violent conflicts, even though this leads to impunity, (2009:24). Another argument against the view that amnesties are needed to achieve peace in a country, and to ensure a smooth transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one, is provided by Robinson when he draws on an example of Sierra Leone, (Robinson, 2003:490). In that country, unconditional amnesties were granted to ensure that peace would follow only to discover that the culture of impunity was reinforced and gross violations of human rights continued. However, in reply to all this, it can be pointed out that, regarding the International Bill of Rights in particular, amnesties can be used, because the International Bill encompasses a wide variety of rights, and unlike the Rome Statute, is not primarily concerned with the protection against gross human rights violations. Freeman also makes a relatively convincing argument that amnesties are rarely granted without the imposition of other orders or qualifications, such as a reparation programme or an institutional reform measure, (2009:14). Truth Commissions, which are primarily set up to investigate the causes of death/injury unlawfully perpetrated, often play an important role in offsetting the damage done by amnesty. However, it is questionable whether they are, in fact, as successful as they were initially perceived to be. For example, again using the Sierra Leone example, the Lome Accord 1999 was designed to provide both an amnesty provision and a Truth Commission investigation, but was unsuccessful in its implementation (Alston and Goodman, 2012:1452). Nevertheless, a broad conception of justice usually agrees with the idea that there could be a Truth Commission and a limited amnesty in place to satisfy â€Å"the essential purpose of the right to justice†, (Naqvi, 2003:34). Dugard seems to be of the same view when he states that even though unconditional amnesties should not be permitted, a Truth Commission should still be capable to grant amnesty after an investigation, provided that amnesty contributes to the achievement of peace and justice, and is more effective than prosecution, (Dugard, 1999:1020). Arguably, South Africa’s imposition of a conditional amnesty showed that it was possible to combine an amnesty with an accountability process which culminated in the achievement of truth and social healing. Another argument, which is linked to the argument about the right to remedy discussed above, and which is put forward by Freeman and Pensky (in Lessa and Payne, 2012), is that an amnesty measure will not necessary infringe international law in every instance. This argument rests on the well-known fact that the status of amnesties in international law is unclear, and the practice of its imposition still persists in many countries, including Rwanda, Cambodia, El Salvador and South Africa. This point is supported by Laplante, who argued that the status of an â€Å"outright prohibition on amnesty remains unclear†, (Laplante, 2009:920). To illustrate the point, Mallinder discovered in her research that the number of amnesties which includes different kinds of crimes has increased, and this casts doubt on the proposition that we are living in the age of accountability (Mallinder in Lassa and Payne, 2012:95). Mallinder concludes that this means that there is still a belief that an am nesty measure may be deemed necessary where there is some exceptional situation, (Mallinder in Lassa and Payne, 2012: 96) Liked to this is the idea that amnesties do not necessarily stand in opposition to the spirit of the International Bill of Human Rights, and, in fact, can fulfil some of its provisions by balancing competing goals, and facilitating long-term peace and security in the nation. One particular example is where a political activist-offender is integrated into a society anew, preventing further disputes. The final point is that some defendants are unlikely to come within the scope of criminal prosecution as defined by the Rome Statute, and some countries’ legal systems may not be sufficiently evolved to prosecute such defendants. In these cases, it may be argued that amnesty could be granted to alleviate the political tension in the country if it exists. Moreover, even the Rome Statute could be said to presuppose the use of amnesties as it gives discretionary powers to prosecutors/judges to take account ‘the interests of justice’, particularly for those defendants which are unlikely to come within the scope of the International Criminal Court’s prosecution.[6] Thus, it seems that it may not be correct to treat all amnesties as being in the opposition to the principles of justice and truth, and the specific context of a country must be taken into account. Even though amnesties violate the victim’s rights and can potentially create a culture of impunity, it is important to recognise that some amnesties, in some circumstances, may be an effective measure directed at achieving peace and security in a country. This is especially true since it is wrong to think of amnesties as either granting complete impunity or achieving long-term peace. This view fails to take into account the sheer diversity of amnesty measures which a state can employ, and which can be combined with the variety of accountability measures, (Mallinder, 2008:8). Moreover, as Freeman points out, justice may sometimes defer to amnesty because such practice is virtually unavoidable, although it should be maintained as a practice of the last resort (2009:4). Moreover, oncl oser examination, the granting of an amnesty may not be in the direct conflict with the spirit of the International Bill of Human Rights and, therefore, it is fair to say that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights in a state. Word count: 3,228. Bibliography Books/Academic Articles Alston, P. and Goodman, R. (2012) International Human Rights, New York: Oxford University Press Cassese, A. (2008) International Criminal Law, New York: Oxford University Press Cassese, A. (2004) International Law, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Dugard, J. (1999) ‘Dealing with Crimes of a Past Regime: Is Amnesty Still an Option?’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 12, No. 4, at p. 1001 Freeman, F. (2009) Necessary Evils: Amnesty and the Search for Justice, 1st Edition, New York: Cambridge University Press Griffey, B. (2011) ‘The ‘Reasonableness’ Test: Assessing Violations of State Obligations under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Human Rights Review, Vol. 11, No. 2 Harris, D., Moeckli, S. and Sivakumaran, S. (2010) International Human Rights Law, 1st Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press 8. Joyce, D. (2010) ‘Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law’, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 507-527 Laplante, L. (2009) ‘Outlawing Amnesty: The Return of Criminal Justice in Transitional Justice Schemes’, Virginia Journal of International Law, 49, at p. 915 Lessa, F. and Payne, L. (2012) Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability, New York: Cambridge University Press Loucaides, L. (2003) ‘TheDeveloping Case Law of the Inter–American Court of Human Rights’, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-25 Mallinder, L. (2010) ‘Law, Politics and Fact-Finding: Assessing the Impact of Human Rights Reports’, Journal of Human Rights Practice, 1, No. 4 Mallinder, L. (2009) ‘The Role of Amnesties in Conflict Transformation’, in Ryngaert, C. (ed.) The Effectiveness of International Criminal Justice, Intersentia Publishers Mallinder, L. (2008) Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide, Hart Publishing Meisenberg, S. (2004) ‘Legality of Amnesties in International Humanitarian Law. The Lome Amnesty Decision of the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, International Law Review of the Red Cross, 86, No. 856 Naqvi, Y. (2003) ‘Amnesty for War Crimes: Defining International Recognition’, International Law Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 85, pp. 583-560 (2003); Available: http://www.mkkk.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_851_naqvi.pdf [10 Dec 2013] Orentlicher, D. (1991) ‘Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime’, The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 100, at p. 2537 Robinson, D. (2003) ‘Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court’ European Journal of International Law, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 481-500 Snyder, J. and Vinjamuri, L. (2003) ‘Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice’, International Security, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 5-44; Available: http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/343/trials_and_errors.html [ 9 Dec 2013] Weissbrodt, D. Ni Aolain, F., Fitzpatrick, J. and Newman, F. (2009) International Human Rights: Law, Policy, and Process, LexisNexis Publishing; Available: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/intlhr2006/chapters/chapter8.html [ 7 Dec 2013] Reports United Nations (2011) Report of the Secretary General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, New York: United Nations Publications; Available: http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf [10 Dec 2013] Web Materials The International Centre for Transitional Justice (2009) Justice, Truth, Dignity: Amnesty Must Not Equal Impunity [Online]; Available: http://ictj.org/publication/amnesty-must-not-equal-impunity [8 Dec 2013] How to cite UN Human Rights Regime Assignment, Essay examples

Leadership Motivation and Friedman free essay sample

?Question #1: Which University of Iowa, Michigan, and Ohio State leadership style does Art Friedman use? Is there more than one? Art uses the democratic, high employee centered, and low structure high consideration leadership styles. Friedman meets the criteria for all three of the leadership behaviors listed above by allowing employees to make decisions that will impact the company, meeting their personal needs, and communicating with them to develop trust, support, and respect, while keeping their best welfare in mind. He allows his employee’s the ability to create their own schedules, view the company as their own, determine their pay, and shows his trust, by allowing them to borrow money from the petty cash system when needed. Question #2: Which specific motivation level, factor, and need (from the content motivation theories) apply to Friedman Microwave Ovens? Franchisee are on the self-actualization Hierarchy of needs level, Art uses motivators (two-factor theory) , and Art gives franchisees power to achieve high levels of success (acquired need theory). We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership: Motivation and Friedman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He believed that his employees were not motivated, so he implemented changes. He has provided an environment that motivates his employees by allowing them to determine their own wages, fringe benefits (when they take time off), and creating their own work schedules. He also gives them the ability to provide their own job security and working conditions, based on their ability to manage their own work, hours, and time off. Friedman’s techniques for motivating his employees created an increase in their productivity to earn the raises the employees deemed fit for themselves. He did not experience a problem with under or overstaffing, and has indicated â€Å"It did work, it still works, and it will always work! † Question #3: Do equity and expectancy theory apply to this case? Explain. Yes, franchisees are treated equitably as they are their own boss and earnings are based on their performance. Franchisees can also set their own goal, which they believe they can meet (expectancy), realizing they will get the revenues (instrumentality), and the goals can be of valance to them. I believe that both equity and expectancy theories apply to this case. The text states, that Equity Theory proposes â€Å"people are motivated when their perceived inputs equal outputs†. Friedman uses this theory to motivate his employees by allowing them to determine their own pay and schedule. The text states that Expectancy Theory proposes â€Å"people are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task, they will get the reward, and the rewards for doing the task are worth the effort†. Friedman places responsibility on his employees by communicating that he wants them to feel the company is â€Å"ours† not â€Å"his†. The motivational technique of allowing everyone to be a boss gives them the ability to control their jobs. The rewards are worth the effort, because he allows them the flexibility to determine their own pay and hours. Q#4. Which type of reinforcement does Art use? Art uses positive reinforcement as he lets franchisees do their own thing. Friedman uses positive reinforcement in his company. Friedman provides the positive reinforcement by allowing the employees to determine their own wages and hours, as they perceive their own worth. They are allowed to give themselves pay increases and adjust or create their schedules as they see fit. He also allows them to borrow money from the petty cash system, whenever they need to. He indicated that none of the techniques he has implemented have been abused by any of his employees. He has seen productivity increase and contributes it to his business techniques. Q5: Do you know of any organizations that use any of Friedman’s or other unusual techniques? If yes, what is the organization’s name? What does it do? I do not know of any other organizations that use Friedman’s technique. The closest thing I could think of would be an independent contractor billing a business for services. They choose their rates and make their own schedules Q6: Could Friedman’s techniques work in all organizations? Explain your answer. I definitely do not think Friedman’s techniques could work in all organizations, or even most organizations for that matter. I think most businesses are too big to be able to give such a high degree of trust to their employees without anyone abusing it. I also think that people would feel more slighted and it would create office politics in regards to the pay. Q7: In a position of authority, would you use Friedman’s techniques? Which ones? I personally would not use Friedman’s techniques. I do think it sounds a little â€Å"too good to be true†. I also would not want to put myself in a position to be able to be taken advantage of. I think too many things could go wrong and you could be accused of things like favoritism. http://www. termpaperwarehouse. com/essay-on/Leadership-Ethics/180653

Management Analysis Of Dominos Pizza Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Analysis Of Dominos Pizza. Answer: Introduction Dominos Pizza is one of the best pizza corners of the world delivering reasonable and good quality pizza to the customers. It has wide range of products available for the customers about 200,000 options from where the customers can select. The delivery time is also It has a unique system of selling their pizza through franchisees system and depends a lot on their franchisee partners. With the strategy and good management, system the company has grew at a faster rate and offers great competition to other fast food chain in Australia. It has 600 retail stores in Australia run by the franchise partners. The CEO of the company Don Meij Dominos takes up the responsibility of growing the company even more and analyse the performance of its partners (Dominos 2017). This paper will analyse the key issues faced in the management of Dominos Pizza even with its continuous success. Further, it will provide solution to one key issue that the company is facing using various management theories. Analysis to Key Problems Dominos has been growing considerably over the last 25 years due to its unmatched service and high quality products. The company has also offered a high rate of customer satisfaction by offering continuous product innovations and at a very reasonable cost. The company followed the franchisee business model where it aims to grow sales and profit. The CEO of the company also follows a good type of leadership bond with its workers as well as the franchisee partners. He tries to follow the strategy of changing the negative effort to a positive one. However, even with all these efforts the company is facing many problems within its working environment and outside. It has been receiving many complaints about its franchisee partners of some stores. This might also prove to be a reason for their downfall. The key challenges analysed in the dominos company in Australia are the poor treatment of the staffs and cutting down some of its franchise stores due to this problem. This was mainly due to lack of responsibility and management skills among the franchisee owner of Australia Del Santo. He made the staffs work longer hours per day and also in a very bad working condition (Greenblat and Greenblat 2017). Staffs of the company are not getting good treatment from the business due to their strategy and plan for expanding the business at the cost of exploiting their staffs. It was noticed that in some of the franchisee stores the franchise head set a target for the managers to reduce the cost of the company and increase sale at any cost. This forced the managers to exploit their staffs by making them work for longer time each day and cutting their payment based on fake penalties. This made the staffs feel discouraged to work and give good performance. Moreover, they were also forced to work under poor condition without proper ventilation. The company only focused to increase their own sale and profit and offer good customer service. This also helped the company to hide their poor management in front of their customers. The health of the workers was also deteriorating under the condition they worked because of absence of proper air condition, ventilation and place to work. Further, it was seen when the issue went down to the CEO, he laid down various franchisee for such exploitation and it costed to the companys profit and unemployment. This is because cutting down stores means the to lay out the staffs and workers working in that store which increased the unemployment rate and downfall of productivity f the business. Solution to One Key Issue One of the key issues faced by Dominos is the ill treatment to the staffs discouraging them to work. Staffs are one of the vital parts in the organisation and treating them well is necessary and duty of the management. This is because they are the active part in the production of the company and unhappiness among the staff might in turn affect the production of the company and profit in long run. Thus, finding an appropriate solution to it is vital for the organisation. It is seen from the present attitude of the staffs and the managers that the head of the franchisee follow a bureaucratic management theory in which the head of the company operates order on the juniors and fellow staffs. There is extreme hierarchy and authoritative control in the organisation (Al-Safran et al. 2014). However, this did not work well in case of Dominos. It has been argued by Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014) that in order to operate successfully and keep their staffs happy it is important the company fo llow systems theory of management in which they can maintain a type of system and realise that each work affects various person of the organization. In systematic management theory, the franchisee will be able to take actions after prior consultation with their staffs and managers. This will help them understand the state of their managers and the staffs. It will also allow the staffs to feel safe and motivate them to work in the company. Moreover, Tedeschi (2013) has put forward that involvement of staffs and allowing them to convey their problems in front of higher authority regard in a new system will in turn help the owners to think about the new strategy before incorporating it. This will create a positive bond between the employees and the business head. Other than incorporating systematic management theory, the company can also improve their management problem by following other concepts of management in their activity. Some of the management concepts are planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating and controlling (Geisler and Wickramasinghe 2015). This will not only help in solving their present issues and help the organisation to work smoothly at every consequence. First concept is planning and it is seen that it is due to lack of planning the company was unable to convey right message to their franchisee partners about the policy of the company regarding cost saving. Thus, before taking any decision the processes of the business should be planned and passed on so that everyone in the organisation is aware of it. This will reduce the amount of staff exploitation and misconduct of the business motive. Secondly, organising the work and strategy is important because every company aims to increase its profit and reduce its cost. Howe ver, it was seen that due to lack of organisation of companys motive the franchisee owners took wrong step in reducing the cost of the business. Coordination is yet another critical task in the business process as it reduces the chances of error caused in Dominos Pizza Australia. The CEO of the company failed to coordinate his motive of turning the negative to positive to the franchisee partners, which lead to their downfall. Doleski (2015) has showed that lack of coordination lead to change of motive by the franchisee owners in which they did not cared about the importance of staff in the business and continued their exploitation to earn money. Lastly, according to DaSilva and Trkman (2014), the most critical concept of management that is applied in every organisation is control. Controlling the process of the business is good; however, it can happen that too much of control on the wrong direction might lead to negative attitude of the worker and a failure of business process. This happened in Dominos in which the owners had a lot f control on the workers and the managers and forced them to work against their comfort level. This has put a negative impact on the worker and they were willing to work. To gain the trust from the workers the organisation needs to first reduce their control on them and sometime consider their needs while planning their cost minimization and profit maximisation strategy. This will help them to gain their trust and increase the productivity of the workers. The company can also take up different business model such as the distributor that can directly take the products from the company and supply it to the customers. This will help them develop good employee management relationship. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be deduced that even though Dominos Pizza has been operating successfully in Australia with good consumer base and increasing level of revenue every year yet the company was suffering from many drawbacks that might lead to their downfall. The drawback was mainly due to poor management skills of the franchisee owners in various stores and staff exploitation. Thus, a proper analysis of management concept is needed in the organisation to improve their management skill and increase employee satisfaction. The company should follow systematic management theory in the business in which they need to incorporate every level of employees in the decision and planning process. Further, the business should have good knowledge of management concept such as planning, coordinating, organising and controlling. They should incorporate them successfully in their management environment so that there is better flow of information in the business and this might lead to redu ction in employee exploitation. References DaSilva, C.M. and Trkman, P., 2014. Business model: what it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), pp.379-389. Doleski, O.D., 2015.Integrated Business Model: Applying the St. Gallen Management Concept to Business Models. Springer. Dominos.com.au. (2017).Domino's Pizza | Order Pizza Delivery Online | Food Delivery Takeaway. [online] Available at: https://www.dominos.com.au/ [Accessed 8 Sep. 2017]. Geisler, E. and Wickramasinghe, N., 2015.Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Greenblat, E. and Greenblat, E. (2017).Dominos reports office death. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/dominos-reports-death-at-brisbane-office/news-story/689e31f6a7202ef5c0e228a98cf924f0 [Accessed 8 Sep. 2017]. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Tedeschi, J.T. ed., 2013.Impression management theory and social psychological research. Academic Press. Al-Safran, E., Brown, D. and Wiseman, A., 2014. The Effect of Principal's Leadership Style on School Environment and Outcome.Research in Higher Education Journal,22.

Marketing Mix of Toyota Motor Corporation-Samples for Students

Question: Where and how does the firm get its current financing?". In particular, assess current financing of TMC. How does the firm currently raise equity? Answer: Based on the financial statements of the company i.e. TMC for FY2017, it is apparent that majority of the incremental funding for the company comes from raising debt that too in particular long term debt. With regards to equity, the majority component of equity belongs to the retained earnings which stand at 17,601 trillion yen out of the total shareholder equity of 18,123 trillion yen. Further considering the debt and equity as on March 31, 2017, it is apparent that the debt equity ratio of company is quite healthy ( 0.75 ) which allows the company to raise additional debt financing (TMC, 2017). Equity One of the mechanisms to raise equity is through the issue of AA class shares. These were first issued in the year 2015 and the relevant details are summarised below (TMC, 2017). The company has not raised any incremental capital in the last three financial year through the issue of common stock as indicated from the table below (TMC, 2017). However, the company tends to raise some funding through the issue of treasury stock as indicated below (TMC, 2017). However, typically only a limited financing is done in this manner and also these shares are repurchased from time to time and also some are retired. Debt The short term debt for the company comprises of bank loans and also commercial paper, the details of which are as highlighted below (TMC, 2017). The long term debt for the company consists of the following (TMC, 2017). Unsecured loans from banks Secured loans from banks Medium term notes issued by consolidated subsidiaries Unsecured notes issued by the parent company Unsecured notes issued by consolidated subsidiaries Secured notes issued by consolidated subsidiaries Capital lease obligations (long term) The break-up of the long term debt is indicated below (TMC, 2017). It is also apparent from the above details that the debt is floating and not fixed which is apparent from the altering interest rate from year to year. The currency breakup of the long term debt as on March 31, 2017 is indicated below (TMC, 2017). US Dollars (51%) Japanese Yen (11%) Australian Dollar (10%) Euros (9%) Other Currency (19%) Additionally, the expected amount due for maturity in the next five years for the company is as highlighted below (TMC, 2017). Reference TMC (2017), SEC Filings- Form 20-F, TMC website, [Online] available at https://www.toyota-global.com/pages/contents/investors/ir_library/sec/pdf/20-F_201703_final.pdf [Accessed August 22, 2017]