The Characteristics of Literary Journalism and Use within the Context of the Story of Gunnar Larsen Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Literary perspective is mainly discussed in relation to new or literary journalism (Chevalier 696). It means the perspective has been given particular emphasis and importance especially in the field of literary journalism because it enables the author or narrator to appropriately understand the role and involvement of characters and their overall purpose with respect to the other characters and to the overall theme of play or writing. More specifically, the perspective represents a dimension or point of view of a particular character within a particular context, keeping in the view the entire theme and objective of play or a piece of literary journalistic writing. For example, in the quoted novel, it sent shivers down the spine (Bech-Karlsen 46), highlights the perspective of Larsen in which he and his companion, during the hunting, felt the heat of the moment and realized the severity of the entire chasing process. From the perspective of other natural elements, such as dew, fores t, it was irrelevant because their perspective with regard to the scene was different than the perspective of Larsen and his companion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Characteristics of Literary Journalism and Use within the Context of the Story of Gunnar Larsen or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Simultaneously, within this context, both types of chorology have different objectives and outcomes as the entire piece of literary journalistic writing are based on the factual or real-life situations in which a particular arrangement of scenes retains a specific type of chronology.

George Orwell s 1984 And Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451

In a totalitarian government, the citizens have no say in how a country is controlled. There will be a few individuals who feel barricaded and want to liberate themselves from the oppressive government. In George Orwell’s 1984 and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 both main characters, Winston Smith and Guy Montag, want control over their lives but it is destroyed by the oppression of individual thinking under a totalitarian government. Two factors that help create control in their life are the relationships they form and access to information. However, in the end of each novel, Winston is not able to find the control he wants in his life, whilst, Guy is able to liberate himself and have control over his own life. In both novels, many relationships are used to find control in their lives. In Orwell’s 1984, Winston forms a relationship with Julia so he can rebel against Big Brother, showing that he is still able to control parts of his life. The only connection that Winston and Julia have with one another is the desire to rebel against Big Brother. This is shown when the narrator says: â€Å"His heart leapt. Scores of times she had done it: he wished it had been hundreds thousands. Anything that hinted at corruption always filled him with a wild hope. Anything to rot, to weaken, to undermine! Listen. The more men you ve had, the more I love you. Do you understand that?(111) This shows that his only reason to be with Julia is in fact to rebel against the totalitarian governmentShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 And George Orwell1669 Words   |  7 PagesAs said by George Orwell, â€Å"It is not possible for any thinking person to live in such a society as our own without wanting to change it,† (Orwell). This idea, under the category of knowledge, is reflected through two novels—Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 and George Orwell’s 1984—as people who spend time thinking are caught rebelling against the government’s power and face severe consequences. The protagonists, Montag and Winston, are both desperately searchin g for answers that pique their curiosityRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By George Orwell1931 Words   |  8 Pagescertain freedoms were implemented into these novels which generated connections between these stories. In his novel, Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury describes a distant world in which the idea of censorship was exaggerated to such an extent that it was illegal for any literature to exist, and if found books are burned by the firemen. Similar to Bradbury’s society, 1984 by George Orwell includes a corrupt government where members of the Party are under surveillance at all hours of the day, and the worstRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last dec ade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life, while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 Essay2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe analysis of Ray Bradbury s dystopian novel, Fahrenheit 451, shows that literature as books, education and alike is abused and criminalized in the hero’s reality, who is Guy Montag. The novel’s setting is when new things seem to have totally replaced literature, fire fighters set flames instead of putting them out, the ownership of books is deserving of the law and to restrict the standard is to court demise. The oppression of literature through innovation and technology can be analyzed throughRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Critical Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lintang Syuhada 13150024 Book Report 1 Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay Human beings are naturally curious. We are always in search of better ideas, and new solutions to problems. One of a basic idea of Indonesia has been freedom of thinking and a free flow of ideas. But in some societies, governments try to keep their people ignorant. Usually, this is so governments can keep people under control and hold on to their power. In trying to keep people from the realities of the world, these oppressiveRead MoreComparing Dystopic Worlds in George Orwells 1984 and Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451.2257 Words   |  10 Pagesworld that authors such as Bradbury and George Orwell pictures in their books, a world that exists under the image of utopia, and yet to the reader seems like a foreign, inhumane residence dominated by an all-powerful government. George Orwells 1984, and Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 depicts two different dystopic worlds. The settings of both books are different and the characters are unique; however, both of these books are also very similar. 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are similar dystopic literaturesRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1591 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is a display of how humans are relying more and more on technology for entertainment at the price of their ability for intellectual development. It is a novel about technological dystopia, often compared to other novels such as, George Orwell’s 1984 and Asimov Ender’s Game. Although today’s technology has not quite caught up with Bradbury’s expectations, the threat of having his vision of a dystrophic society is very realistic. He sees a futuristic society in whichRead More 198451: The Year of the Salamander Essay1864 Words   |  8 Pages When comparing the masterpieces of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 the astute reader is immediately able to see a minimum of two recurring themes in both of them. â€Å"Orwell had produced an imaginative treatise of totalitarianism, cutting across all ideologies, warning of the threat to humanity should any government, of whatever political complexion, assume absolute power† (Nineteen Eighty-Four 12). Meanwhile Bradbury described the horrors of a society thatRead MoreEssay Moral and Ethical Issues, A Comparative Study2300 Words   |  10 Pagesour moral values and ethical views. This paper will explore some moral and ethical issues about choice through several short stories: Sonny Blues, Cathedral, and The Lottery, and there will be two novels explored primarily; Fahrenheit 451 and George Orwells 1984. The moral and ethical views that these books and short stories show us about our society today and the lessons that everyo ne could learn from them will be explored. To do this we must first understand the difference between moralsRead MoreGeorge Orwell And Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1354 Words   |  6 Pagesso alike in the ways everyone would think: but when you dig deeper you can see just how different they may be. Both Katharine and Mildred, two character from 1984 by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, are ignorant women married to the main characters of the novels: Winston Smith, from 1984, and Guy Montag, from Fahrenheit 451. The women seem almost identical in going through their bland lives everyday talking to the relatives and listening to the telescreen, but in some ways they are

My Holiday- Personal Narrative Essay - 733 Words

My Holiday- Personal Narrative This was the boarding day itself, the day which I had been dreading for weeks but also ecstatic about. The day started early for me, getting up at four in the morning due to the fact that I couldn’t sleep that night. I felt mixed emotions as I was lying in bed, I was extremely excited for my vacation to Hong Kong since it was going to be my first ever holiday abroad. The fact that I would be flying on an aeroplane as well also made me feel petrified. The thought of around 60 people on an aircraft approximately 8,000 metres above sea level, on a plane that could catch on fire at any moment was absolutely terrifying and I was also told by my parents that the flight†¦show more content†¦We then set off to the airport and the journey in the cramped car wasn’t that thrilling but I decided to take my mind off the foul smell and think more about my five day vacation. I heard from my friends that there would be loads of shopping for me to do at the airport so I could take my mind of things then as they knew I was anxious to go on the plane. Unexpectedly something suddenly vibrated in my front pocket. â€Å"You don’t have to buy anything for me, just come back safely.† It was a mobile phone message I received from my friend. It seemed to be the same idea that I got from my family as well. Nobody was expecting anything from me and my mum but to merely come back safely. Flight BA616 will be leaving shortly, please could all passengers be at the boarding gate number 33, this will be the last warning. A lady was calling our boarding gate number and it was time to enter the plane, her voice was gentle and soothing and it calmed my nerves down as we were walking towards the gate, I could finally see our plane and it was gigantic!! My anticipation grew as my mum lead the way to our seats and I released we were walking quite a long way to the back of the aircraft, then we arrived and we had reserved the two window seats near the back of the plane. I had never imagined itShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative: My Holiday in Japan Essay examples608 Words   |  3 PagesThe breathtaking scenery just swept me off my feet. The pavements, trees and even the vehicles by the roadside were covered under the thick layer of snow. As I walked down the streets, the refreshing winter breeze blew against my face. It was like a dream come true. I was in Japan, the country I have wanted to visit all my life. That December holiday, my parents finally decided to bring the family for a holiday in Japan. When we arrived there, the first thing that struck me was the scenery, it wasRead MoreMy World View906 Words   |  4 PagesWithin each and every individual lies a set of beliefs that help set the foundation and fundamentals of his or her existence. These beliefs are uniquely crafted from ones own experience and personal choices, or established through an others personal influences or doctrine. No matter the scenario, these beliefs determine an individuals priorities, justify their actions, help determine what he or she is fond of and aids them in answering some of lifes challenging questions. Most importantly theseRead MoreNarrative Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essays: To Tell a Story There are four types of essays: Exposition - gives information about various topics to the reader. Description - describes in detail characteristics and traits. Argument - convinces the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. Narrative - tells a story, usually from one person’s viewpoint. A narrative essay uses all the story elements - a beginning and ending, plot, characters, setting and climax - all coming together to complete theRead MoreMy First Time on a Plane - Personal Narrative606 Words   |  3 Pages My First Time on a Plane - Personal Narrative When I was seven years old I went on my very first holiday abroad, to America. I can remember waking up at Five oclock in the morning to catch an early flight from Heathrow airport. I was so excited I forgot about the daunting effort of getting up so early. My Mum, Dad, Brother, grandparents and I set off on the long journey to the airport, then Orlando Florida. I remember the white taxi van used to transport us to Read More Personal Narrative- Christmas Cookies Essay570 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative- Christmas Cookies Although I have grown up to be entirely inept at the art of cooking, as to make even the most wretched chef ridicule my sad baking attempts, my childhood would have indicated otherwise; I was always on the countertop next to my mother’s cooking bowl, adding and mixing ingredients that would doubtlessly create a delicious food. When I was younger, cooking came intrinsically with the holiday season, which made that time of year the prime occasion for me to uniteRead MoreCase Study : Mr. Rocky Mountain 916 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Rocky Mountain is one of my patients in the radiation oncology clinic. I choose this case for the reason that later on I found out the Mr. Rocky is a father of one of my acquaintance and now my friend and the extent of his sickness. This paper will prove that illness narrative provide adequate subjective assessment and telling story of their illness allows the narrator to disclose what is important to their lives, what matter to them most. To provide effective care to the patient, understandingRead MoreMy Advancement of Learning - Personal Narrative Essay523 Words   |  3 PagesMy Advancement of Learning - Personal Narrative It was unusually hot that day and the beach was busier than normal, me and my friend josh, both decided we wanted to go for a swim in the sea, but this wasn’t normal for me, I had never been in the sea before, I had always had a fear of jellyfish, I have had this fear for the whole of my life. Apparently so I’m told by my mum I got this phobia of jellyfishes from a little play toy in my bubble bath, apparently I cut myselfRead MoreMy Personal History Narrative From The Beginning Of The Semester1183 Words   |  5 Pages After reviewing my personal history narrative from the beginning of the semester, I now see that there are some of my perspectives have been altered. For anyone, it is very easy to stay in their â€Å"bubble† (their safe zone or routine) and only focus on what matters to them without taking into account outside perspectives. People do this, myself included, because it is easy to ignore the realities of others around you and only focus on yourself. Everything from race to religion is very salientRead MoreWhy I Want For School Assignments1528 Words   |  7 Pagesall the things I ve done in my life that have involved literacy. Whether it d be speaking, reading, or writing; I can truly say that all three of these areas have expanded and developed over the years. However, I never had to do any of this alone. There was always inspiration for the times I was stuck on a blank page. There were always teachers, friends, and peers who were always there to guide me in the right direction for school assignments. I feel as if even my bed was an aid in helping me relaxRead MoreMy Trip to America- Personal Narrative Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesMy Trip to America- Personal Narrative Three years ago, in July 2001, I had the opportunity to visit America, the land of freedom. I was thrilled when I overheard my mother talking to my friend’s father; Tom’s father on the phone for me to join my Toms family in their holiday to America. I could not sleep that night. The following morning, my mother informed me of the good news: That I would be going to Florida for two weeks, and that I would accompany my friend’s

UN Human Rights Regime Assignment Free Essays

string(49) " achieve common good for the society as a whole\." Introduction ‘The International Bill of Human Rights is a promissory note to recognize, promote and protect the inherent dignity of individuals. However, justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights in a State.’ Critically examine this statement. We will write a custom essay sample on UN Human Rights Regime Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The International Bill of Human Rights comprises the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1950, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 (ICCPR) (with its two Optional Protocols) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966, all adopted by the United Nations. The ideas inherent in these declarations/protocols are directed at recognising, promoting and protecting the inherent dignity of individuals. However, these ideas may come into conflict with a range of other principles, including amnesty laws enacted by individual states. Amnesty may be defined as a pardon given by a government to a group of people who have not yet been convicted. By its very nature amnesty presupposes the complete obliteration of past offences of individuals. Currently, in the age of accountability, there is a prohibition on amnesties for serious crimes under international law[1], and many argue that this trend is likely to continue. For example, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights bans any amnesty provision which is capable of eliminating responsibility for a serious crime under the Convention. The ‘new’ UN position on amnesties also emphasises the denial of amnesty for the perpetrators of serious crimes involving gross human rights violations. However, as Orentlicher argues, it is not clear whether all amnesties should be held unlawful, (1991:80). This essay will first provide a criticism of the statement above and then outline weaknesses behind that criticism, arguing that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of the state, despite the wording of the International Bill of Rights. It will then provide concrete arguments in support of the statement and conclude that, despite all the injustices inherent in the idea of granting amnesty for gross violations of human rights, it is sometimes the only available measure in the circumstances and, therefore, is completely justified by necessity. There are a number of arguments against the idea that justice must defer to amnesty when there is a gross violation of human rights, and most of these arguments, as Orentlicher points out, stem from the legal, moral and political duties of a state to hold the perpetrators of gross human rights violations accountable (1991:43). Firstly, it could be argued that although there is no treaty explicitly prohibiting amnesty, the International Bill of Human Rights presupposes such a prohibition. For example, Article 2 (3) of the ICCPR provides for a right to an effective remedy, which may be understood as requiring states to ensure that punishment of human rights offenders is carried out.[2] Moreover, the UN Human Rights Committee states in 1992 that â€Å"amnesties are generally incompatible with the duty of states to investigate [acts of torture]†[3]†¦to guarantee freedom from such actions† and â€Å"to ensure that they do not occur in the future†.[4] In this respect, any amnesty provision can potentially appear to be in a direct conflict with the wording and spirit of the Covenant, especially since it can potentially deny persons from seeking compensation through court. This means that a person’s right to access to court is also denied. Moreover, the body of jurisprudence of such organs as the UN and Inter-American systems points to the conclusion that amnesties should be seen as incompatible with basic human rights obligations of states, (Robinson, 2003:486). However, as Freeman points out, the right to a remedy is not as broad as it is often thought to be (2009:40), and there is no right available to people to force a prosecution. The right to remedy only places an obligation on the state to conduct an effective investigation which may lead to the capture and punishment of offenders. Also, international law does not state that states must prosecute every human rights violation in every case. The UN has also been seen as supporting amnesty measures which were related to international crimes and which were necessary to end military deadlock, (Naqvi, 2003:34). It could also be argued that perhaps the key word in the UN Human Rights Committee’s General Comment of 1992 is ‘generally’ and the inclusion/use of an amnesty provision may sometimes be justified in the circumstances. Moreover, as Robinson (2009:489) argues, â€Å"to impose a duty to prosecute on some states is simply to impose too much burden on them, as some democracies are too fragile and if they start prosecuting, it may lead to their destruction†. It may also be impossible to prosecute all the offenders if the scale of human rights violations is very large in a country. Although to this one may reply that governments may choose to prosecute leaders of gross human rights violations instead, this may also be undesirable in certain circumstances. Leaders may have close attachments to their community, and their prosecution may lead to further revolts and bloodshed. Alston and Goodman (2012:1391) argue on similar lines, stating that if one denies the participation of former leaders (who are also the perpetrators of past offences) in a present government, it may effectively â€Å"obstruct social integration and political stability†. By way of example, Alston and Goodman refer to the undesirable consequences of prosecuting major organisations who were involved in the apartheid regime in South Africa, (2012: 1392). Perhaps the most powerful argument against amnesties involves victims’ rights and tolerance of impunity. Protesters of amnesty measures argue that amnesty infringes states’ obligations to make sure that victims receive means to achieve justice, and seek out the truth in their cases (Mallinder, 2008:7). By imposing an amnesty measure, the perpetrators’ crimes are effectively denied, causing victims to feel alienated from society, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of vigilantism on their part (Mallinder, 2008:10). There are not many who would deny the negative impact that amnesty has on victims and/or their families, and the argument here is that such a negative impact cannot be avoided if one is to achieve common good for the society as a whole. You read "UN Human Rights Regime Assignment" in category "Essay examples" Another point against the statement that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights is that such a deferral, by its very nature, prevents the achievement of the aims of criminal justice, such as prosecution, retribution, stigmatisation and deterrence (Freeman, 2009: 20). Aston and Goodman take this view and point out that trials can be very important in the promotion of â€Å"norms and expectations of punishment† in the country, (Alston and Goodman, 2012:1392). Moreover, as Freeman points out, the deferral of justice to amnesty in spite of the International Bill of Human Rights’ promissory note, undermines public confidence in the rule of law, (Freeman, 2009: 33). However, even assuming that amnesty is capable of preventing the realisation of some of the criminal justice’s goals, it should not be forgotten that an amnesty measure can take many forms. Freeman states that, more often than not, an amnesty measure would be accompanied by other provisions, such a reparation programme, which may lessen the harm caused by an amnesty, and an amnesty’s potential harm caused is always overestimated, (2009:25). Another argument is that there are many conditional amnesties in existence, which may encompass some of the aims of the criminal justice process, for example, Freeman enumerates a number of temporal and provisions amnesties, (2009:93). Even if one takes into account the need for a trial and all its benefits, it is not altogether clear that a trial or its threat may lead to beneficial results in every case, because as Freeman argues, a threat of a trial may lead to the perpetrators destroying the vital evidence needed in the future for the victims or their relatives to find out the truth about a crime, (2009:24). In support of this argument Alston and Goodman also state that any attempts at prosecution in a state which undergoes the transition from an authoritarian past may threaten a delicate peace-conflict balance between different groups, (2012:1391). Mallinder makes a similar argument when she states that although the trial of leaders may benefit the society by asserting the supremacy of democratic values (as argued by Scharf), there may not be enough evidence to put those leaders on trial in the first place, (2008:18). Here, it is interesting to point out an illuminating point made by Mallinder that there could be an instance where the distinction between victims and perpetrators is not clear, for example, in the case of child soldiers who are part of a rebel group in Uganda, and, therefore, the prosecution and punishment may have to take a back seat, (Mallinder, 2009: 34). Clark also questions the belief that the promotion of individual criminal responsibility is always desirable, (in Lessa and Payne, 2012:13). He draws attention to the criminal prosecutions in Rwanda and Uganda, and argues that by insisting on the prosecutions, the international organisations overlooked â€Å"the specific context and dynamics of these countries†, for example, the absence of legal procedures and institutions to carry out an effective judicial process, (2012:14). This means that even though the countries may be the signatories of the International Bill of Human Rights, their specific contexts should be taken into account, and may be used to justify the imposition of conditional amnesties. One of other widespread arguments against the idea that amnesty should be granted is that doing so only creates a culture of impunity, encouraging future violence, and prevents accountability. This view has a widespread support from many governments around the world, for example, from the government of Sri Lanka.[5] When academics make this argument they often refer to the offenders who continue violate human rights, and are only stopped when amnesty is granted to them. The clear example of this is Ugandan rebel group ‘The Lord Resistance Army’s public statement that they will only stop the violence if amnesty is granted to its members. Nevertheless, to these arguments it can be replied that it is not necessarily the case that amnesty will produce further violence, and in fact, there may be situations where one must choose a lesser of two evils and invoke an amnesty provision. Freeman supports this argument. Therefore, it seems that although the case for the abolition of amnesty is a strong one, it is not without its weaknesses, and despite the promissory note of the International Bill of Human Rights, there may be circumstances where the imposition of an amnesty provision is not a truly unthinkable course of action. It is clear that there are obvious discrepancies between the theoretical foundations of the International Bill of Human Rights and the practical application of the Bill. There inevitably will be circumstances where it is unwise to follow the literal meaning of the Bill. The reality of an international/domestic political scene is that sometimes compromises must be made in order to safeguard peace in a country and prevent further conflict. In the same vein, Snyder and Vinjamuri maintain that in order to prevent future violations of rights and reinforce the respect for the rule of law it is often necessary to â€Å"strike politically expedient bargains that create effective coalitions to contain the power of potential perpetrators of abuses,† (Snyder and Vinjamuri, 2003:17). Thus, one of the main arguments for the proposition that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights is that such deferral of justice is likely to foster reconciliation and may be necessary to achieve peace in terms of promoting political settlement. Linked to this is an argument that amnesties are needed so that a state can make a break from its past and start from a ‘clean slate’, (Mallinder, 2008:13). Governments often use these reasons to justify the imposition of amnesties when it is necessary to end violence. However, this view is becoming more controversial as the states-signatories to the International Bill of Human Rights move to the implementation of more mechanisms of accountability, and this view is not shared by everyone. For example, in 2007 the ICC Prosecutor, Lois Moreno-Ocampo termed the demands of amnesty made by combatants as being nothing less than pure blackmail. Moreover, the offering of amnesty may appear as t hough a state is showing signs of weakness, which may, in turn, encourage more violations of human rights, (Mallinder, 2008:12). However, despite this, Freeman supports the view that amnesties may sometimes be necessary to achieve peace in a state, (2009:11). He contends that there may not be any other choice for societies which have gone through mass violence and genocide, (2009:7). Freeman asserts that he is against the idea of impunity for serious crime, but he states that there may be situations where the desire for peace and security should stand above any impunity which may result from granting amnesty (2009:6). In particular, he states that if we look at such countries as Burma and Somalia and their particular contexts, one may be forgiven for wishing any kind of amnesty in order to ensure the survival of people by lessening daily violent conflicts, even though this leads to impunity, (2009:24). Another argument against the view that amnesties are needed to achieve peace in a country, and to ensure a smooth transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one, is provided by Robinson when he draws on an example of Sierra Leone, (Robinson, 2003:490). In that country, unconditional amnesties were granted to ensure that peace would follow only to discover that the culture of impunity was reinforced and gross violations of human rights continued. However, in reply to all this, it can be pointed out that, regarding the International Bill of Rights in particular, amnesties can be used, because the International Bill encompasses a wide variety of rights, and unlike the Rome Statute, is not primarily concerned with the protection against gross human rights violations. Freeman also makes a relatively convincing argument that amnesties are rarely granted without the imposition of other orders or qualifications, such as a reparation programme or an institutional reform measure, (2009:14). Truth Commissions, which are primarily set up to investigate the causes of death/injury unlawfully perpetrated, often play an important role in offsetting the damage done by amnesty. However, it is questionable whether they are, in fact, as successful as they were initially perceived to be. For example, again using the Sierra Leone example, the Lome Accord 1999 was designed to provide both an amnesty provision and a Truth Commission investigation, but was unsuccessful in its implementation (Alston and Goodman, 2012:1452). Nevertheless, a broad conception of justice usually agrees with the idea that there could be a Truth Commission and a limited amnesty in place to satisfy â€Å"the essential purpose of the right to justice†, (Naqvi, 2003:34). Dugard seems to be of the same view when he states that even though unconditional amnesties should not be permitted, a Truth Commission should still be capable to grant amnesty after an investigation, provided that amnesty contributes to the achievement of peace and justice, and is more effective than prosecution, (Dugard, 1999:1020). Arguably, South Africa’s imposition of a conditional amnesty showed that it was possible to combine an amnesty with an accountability process which culminated in the achievement of truth and social healing. Another argument, which is linked to the argument about the right to remedy discussed above, and which is put forward by Freeman and Pensky (in Lessa and Payne, 2012), is that an amnesty measure will not necessary infringe international law in every instance. This argument rests on the well-known fact that the status of amnesties in international law is unclear, and the practice of its imposition still persists in many countries, including Rwanda, Cambodia, El Salvador and South Africa. This point is supported by Laplante, who argued that the status of an â€Å"outright prohibition on amnesty remains unclear†, (Laplante, 2009:920). To illustrate the point, Mallinder discovered in her research that the number of amnesties which includes different kinds of crimes has increased, and this casts doubt on the proposition that we are living in the age of accountability (Mallinder in Lassa and Payne, 2012:95). Mallinder concludes that this means that there is still a belief that an am nesty measure may be deemed necessary where there is some exceptional situation, (Mallinder in Lassa and Payne, 2012: 96) Liked to this is the idea that amnesties do not necessarily stand in opposition to the spirit of the International Bill of Human Rights, and, in fact, can fulfil some of its provisions by balancing competing goals, and facilitating long-term peace and security in the nation. One particular example is where a political activist-offender is integrated into a society anew, preventing further disputes. The final point is that some defendants are unlikely to come within the scope of criminal prosecution as defined by the Rome Statute, and some countries’ legal systems may not be sufficiently evolved to prosecute such defendants. In these cases, it may be argued that amnesty could be granted to alleviate the political tension in the country if it exists. Moreover, even the Rome Statute could be said to presuppose the use of amnesties as it gives discretionary powers to prosecutors/judges to take account ‘the interests of justice’, particularly for those defendants which are unlikely to come within the scope of the International Criminal Court’s prosecution.[6] Thus, it seems that it may not be correct to treat all amnesties as being in the opposition to the principles of justice and truth, and the specific context of a country must be taken into account. Even though amnesties violate the victim’s rights and can potentially create a culture of impunity, it is important to recognise that some amnesties, in some circumstances, may be an effective measure directed at achieving peace and security in a country. This is especially true since it is wrong to think of amnesties as either granting complete impunity or achieving long-term peace. This view fails to take into account the sheer diversity of amnesty measures which a state can employ, and which can be combined with the variety of accountability measures, (Mallinder, 2008:8). Moreover, as Freeman points out, justice may sometimes defer to amnesty because such practice is virtually unavoidable, although it should be maintained as a practice of the last resort (2009:4). Moreover, oncl oser examination, the granting of an amnesty may not be in the direct conflict with the spirit of the International Bill of Human Rights and, therefore, it is fair to say that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights in a state. Word count: 3,228. Bibliography Books/Academic Articles Alston, P. and Goodman, R. (2012) International Human Rights, New York: Oxford University Press Cassese, A. (2008) International Criminal Law, New York: Oxford University Press Cassese, A. (2004) International Law, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Dugard, J. (1999) ‘Dealing with Crimes of a Past Regime: Is Amnesty Still an Option?’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 12, No. 4, at p. 1001 Freeman, F. (2009) Necessary Evils: Amnesty and the Search for Justice, 1st Edition, New York: Cambridge University Press Griffey, B. (2011) ‘The ‘Reasonableness’ Test: Assessing Violations of State Obligations under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Human Rights Review, Vol. 11, No. 2 Harris, D., Moeckli, S. and Sivakumaran, S. (2010) International Human Rights Law, 1st Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press 8. Joyce, D. (2010) ‘Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law’, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 507-527 Laplante, L. (2009) ‘Outlawing Amnesty: The Return of Criminal Justice in Transitional Justice Schemes’, Virginia Journal of International Law, 49, at p. 915 Lessa, F. and Payne, L. (2012) Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability, New York: Cambridge University Press Loucaides, L. (2003) ‘TheDeveloping Case Law of the Inter–American Court of Human Rights’, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-25 Mallinder, L. (2010) ‘Law, Politics and Fact-Finding: Assessing the Impact of Human Rights Reports’, Journal of Human Rights Practice, 1, No. 4 Mallinder, L. (2009) ‘The Role of Amnesties in Conflict Transformation’, in Ryngaert, C. (ed.) The Effectiveness of International Criminal Justice, Intersentia Publishers Mallinder, L. (2008) Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide, Hart Publishing Meisenberg, S. (2004) ‘Legality of Amnesties in International Humanitarian Law. The Lome Amnesty Decision of the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, International Law Review of the Red Cross, 86, No. 856 Naqvi, Y. (2003) ‘Amnesty for War Crimes: Defining International Recognition’, International Law Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 85, pp. 583-560 (2003); Available: http://www.mkkk.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_851_naqvi.pdf [10 Dec 2013] Orentlicher, D. (1991) ‘Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime’, The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 100, at p. 2537 Robinson, D. (2003) ‘Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court’ European Journal of International Law, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 481-500 Snyder, J. and Vinjamuri, L. (2003) ‘Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice’, International Security, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 5-44; Available: http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/343/trials_and_errors.html [ 9 Dec 2013] Weissbrodt, D. Ni Aolain, F., Fitzpatrick, J. and Newman, F. (2009) International Human Rights: Law, Policy, and Process, LexisNexis Publishing; Available: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/intlhr2006/chapters/chapter8.html [ 7 Dec 2013] Reports United Nations (2011) Report of the Secretary General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, New York: United Nations Publications; Available: http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf [10 Dec 2013] Web Materials The International Centre for Transitional Justice (2009) Justice, Truth, Dignity: Amnesty Must Not Equal Impunity [Online]; Available: http://ictj.org/publication/amnesty-must-not-equal-impunity [8 Dec 2013] How to cite UN Human Rights Regime Assignment, Essay examples

Leadership Motivation and Friedman free essay sample

?Question #1: Which University of Iowa, Michigan, and Ohio State leadership style does Art Friedman use? Is there more than one? Art uses the democratic, high employee centered, and low structure high consideration leadership styles. Friedman meets the criteria for all three of the leadership behaviors listed above by allowing employees to make decisions that will impact the company, meeting their personal needs, and communicating with them to develop trust, support, and respect, while keeping their best welfare in mind. He allows his employee’s the ability to create their own schedules, view the company as their own, determine their pay, and shows his trust, by allowing them to borrow money from the petty cash system when needed. Question #2: Which specific motivation level, factor, and need (from the content motivation theories) apply to Friedman Microwave Ovens? Franchisee are on the self-actualization Hierarchy of needs level, Art uses motivators (two-factor theory) , and Art gives franchisees power to achieve high levels of success (acquired need theory). We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership: Motivation and Friedman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He believed that his employees were not motivated, so he implemented changes. He has provided an environment that motivates his employees by allowing them to determine their own wages, fringe benefits (when they take time off), and creating their own work schedules. He also gives them the ability to provide their own job security and working conditions, based on their ability to manage their own work, hours, and time off. Friedman’s techniques for motivating his employees created an increase in their productivity to earn the raises the employees deemed fit for themselves. He did not experience a problem with under or overstaffing, and has indicated â€Å"It did work, it still works, and it will always work! † Question #3: Do equity and expectancy theory apply to this case? Explain. Yes, franchisees are treated equitably as they are their own boss and earnings are based on their performance. Franchisees can also set their own goal, which they believe they can meet (expectancy), realizing they will get the revenues (instrumentality), and the goals can be of valance to them. I believe that both equity and expectancy theories apply to this case. The text states, that Equity Theory proposes â€Å"people are motivated when their perceived inputs equal outputs†. Friedman uses this theory to motivate his employees by allowing them to determine their own pay and schedule. The text states that Expectancy Theory proposes â€Å"people are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task, they will get the reward, and the rewards for doing the task are worth the effort†. Friedman places responsibility on his employees by communicating that he wants them to feel the company is â€Å"ours† not â€Å"his†. The motivational technique of allowing everyone to be a boss gives them the ability to control their jobs. The rewards are worth the effort, because he allows them the flexibility to determine their own pay and hours. Q#4. Which type of reinforcement does Art use? Art uses positive reinforcement as he lets franchisees do their own thing. Friedman uses positive reinforcement in his company. Friedman provides the positive reinforcement by allowing the employees to determine their own wages and hours, as they perceive their own worth. They are allowed to give themselves pay increases and adjust or create their schedules as they see fit. He also allows them to borrow money from the petty cash system, whenever they need to. He indicated that none of the techniques he has implemented have been abused by any of his employees. He has seen productivity increase and contributes it to his business techniques. Q5: Do you know of any organizations that use any of Friedman’s or other unusual techniques? If yes, what is the organization’s name? What does it do? I do not know of any other organizations that use Friedman’s technique. The closest thing I could think of would be an independent contractor billing a business for services. They choose their rates and make their own schedules Q6: Could Friedman’s techniques work in all organizations? Explain your answer. I definitely do not think Friedman’s techniques could work in all organizations, or even most organizations for that matter. I think most businesses are too big to be able to give such a high degree of trust to their employees without anyone abusing it. I also think that people would feel more slighted and it would create office politics in regards to the pay. Q7: In a position of authority, would you use Friedman’s techniques? Which ones? I personally would not use Friedman’s techniques. I do think it sounds a little â€Å"too good to be true†. I also would not want to put myself in a position to be able to be taken advantage of. I think too many things could go wrong and you could be accused of things like favoritism. http://www. termpaperwarehouse. com/essay-on/Leadership-Ethics/180653

Management Analysis Of Dominos Pizza Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Analysis Of Dominos Pizza. Answer: Introduction Dominos Pizza is one of the best pizza corners of the world delivering reasonable and good quality pizza to the customers. It has wide range of products available for the customers about 200,000 options from where the customers can select. The delivery time is also It has a unique system of selling their pizza through franchisees system and depends a lot on their franchisee partners. With the strategy and good management, system the company has grew at a faster rate and offers great competition to other fast food chain in Australia. It has 600 retail stores in Australia run by the franchise partners. The CEO of the company Don Meij Dominos takes up the responsibility of growing the company even more and analyse the performance of its partners (Dominos 2017). This paper will analyse the key issues faced in the management of Dominos Pizza even with its continuous success. Further, it will provide solution to one key issue that the company is facing using various management theories. Analysis to Key Problems Dominos has been growing considerably over the last 25 years due to its unmatched service and high quality products. The company has also offered a high rate of customer satisfaction by offering continuous product innovations and at a very reasonable cost. The company followed the franchisee business model where it aims to grow sales and profit. The CEO of the company also follows a good type of leadership bond with its workers as well as the franchisee partners. He tries to follow the strategy of changing the negative effort to a positive one. However, even with all these efforts the company is facing many problems within its working environment and outside. It has been receiving many complaints about its franchisee partners of some stores. This might also prove to be a reason for their downfall. The key challenges analysed in the dominos company in Australia are the poor treatment of the staffs and cutting down some of its franchise stores due to this problem. This was mainly due to lack of responsibility and management skills among the franchisee owner of Australia Del Santo. He made the staffs work longer hours per day and also in a very bad working condition (Greenblat and Greenblat 2017). Staffs of the company are not getting good treatment from the business due to their strategy and plan for expanding the business at the cost of exploiting their staffs. It was noticed that in some of the franchisee stores the franchise head set a target for the managers to reduce the cost of the company and increase sale at any cost. This forced the managers to exploit their staffs by making them work for longer time each day and cutting their payment based on fake penalties. This made the staffs feel discouraged to work and give good performance. Moreover, they were also forced to work under poor condition without proper ventilation. The company only focused to increase their own sale and profit and offer good customer service. This also helped the company to hide their poor management in front of their customers. The health of the workers was also deteriorating under the condition they worked because of absence of proper air condition, ventilation and place to work. Further, it was seen when the issue went down to the CEO, he laid down various franchisee for such exploitation and it costed to the companys profit and unemployment. This is because cutting down stores means the to lay out the staffs and workers working in that store which increased the unemployment rate and downfall of productivity f the business. Solution to One Key Issue One of the key issues faced by Dominos is the ill treatment to the staffs discouraging them to work. Staffs are one of the vital parts in the organisation and treating them well is necessary and duty of the management. This is because they are the active part in the production of the company and unhappiness among the staff might in turn affect the production of the company and profit in long run. Thus, finding an appropriate solution to it is vital for the organisation. It is seen from the present attitude of the staffs and the managers that the head of the franchisee follow a bureaucratic management theory in which the head of the company operates order on the juniors and fellow staffs. There is extreme hierarchy and authoritative control in the organisation (Al-Safran et al. 2014). However, this did not work well in case of Dominos. It has been argued by Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014) that in order to operate successfully and keep their staffs happy it is important the company fo llow systems theory of management in which they can maintain a type of system and realise that each work affects various person of the organization. In systematic management theory, the franchisee will be able to take actions after prior consultation with their staffs and managers. This will help them understand the state of their managers and the staffs. It will also allow the staffs to feel safe and motivate them to work in the company. Moreover, Tedeschi (2013) has put forward that involvement of staffs and allowing them to convey their problems in front of higher authority regard in a new system will in turn help the owners to think about the new strategy before incorporating it. This will create a positive bond between the employees and the business head. Other than incorporating systematic management theory, the company can also improve their management problem by following other concepts of management in their activity. Some of the management concepts are planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating and controlling (Geisler and Wickramasinghe 2015). This will not only help in solving their present issues and help the organisation to work smoothly at every consequence. First concept is planning and it is seen that it is due to lack of planning the company was unable to convey right message to their franchisee partners about the policy of the company regarding cost saving. Thus, before taking any decision the processes of the business should be planned and passed on so that everyone in the organisation is aware of it. This will reduce the amount of staff exploitation and misconduct of the business motive. Secondly, organising the work and strategy is important because every company aims to increase its profit and reduce its cost. Howe ver, it was seen that due to lack of organisation of companys motive the franchisee owners took wrong step in reducing the cost of the business. Coordination is yet another critical task in the business process as it reduces the chances of error caused in Dominos Pizza Australia. The CEO of the company failed to coordinate his motive of turning the negative to positive to the franchisee partners, which lead to their downfall. Doleski (2015) has showed that lack of coordination lead to change of motive by the franchisee owners in which they did not cared about the importance of staff in the business and continued their exploitation to earn money. Lastly, according to DaSilva and Trkman (2014), the most critical concept of management that is applied in every organisation is control. Controlling the process of the business is good; however, it can happen that too much of control on the wrong direction might lead to negative attitude of the worker and a failure of business process. This happened in Dominos in which the owners had a lot f control on the workers and the managers and forced them to work against their comfort level. This has put a negative impact on the worker and they were willing to work. To gain the trust from the workers the organisation needs to first reduce their control on them and sometime consider their needs while planning their cost minimization and profit maximisation strategy. This will help them to gain their trust and increase the productivity of the workers. The company can also take up different business model such as the distributor that can directly take the products from the company and supply it to the customers. This will help them develop good employee management relationship. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be deduced that even though Dominos Pizza has been operating successfully in Australia with good consumer base and increasing level of revenue every year yet the company was suffering from many drawbacks that might lead to their downfall. The drawback was mainly due to poor management skills of the franchisee owners in various stores and staff exploitation. Thus, a proper analysis of management concept is needed in the organisation to improve their management skill and increase employee satisfaction. The company should follow systematic management theory in the business in which they need to incorporate every level of employees in the decision and planning process. Further, the business should have good knowledge of management concept such as planning, coordinating, organising and controlling. They should incorporate them successfully in their management environment so that there is better flow of information in the business and this might lead to redu ction in employee exploitation. References DaSilva, C.M. and Trkman, P., 2014. Business model: what it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), pp.379-389. Doleski, O.D., 2015.Integrated Business Model: Applying the St. Gallen Management Concept to Business Models. Springer. Dominos.com.au. (2017).Domino's Pizza | Order Pizza Delivery Online | Food Delivery Takeaway. [online] Available at: https://www.dominos.com.au/ [Accessed 8 Sep. 2017]. Geisler, E. and Wickramasinghe, N., 2015.Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Greenblat, E. and Greenblat, E. (2017).Dominos reports office death. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/dominos-reports-death-at-brisbane-office/news-story/689e31f6a7202ef5c0e228a98cf924f0 [Accessed 8 Sep. 2017]. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Tedeschi, J.T. ed., 2013.Impression management theory and social psychological research. Academic Press. Al-Safran, E., Brown, D. and Wiseman, A., 2014. The Effect of Principal's Leadership Style on School Environment and Outcome.Research in Higher Education Journal,22.

Marketing Mix of Toyota Motor Corporation-Samples for Students

Question: Where and how does the firm get its current financing?". In particular, assess current financing of TMC. How does the firm currently raise equity? Answer: Based on the financial statements of the company i.e. TMC for FY2017, it is apparent that majority of the incremental funding for the company comes from raising debt that too in particular long term debt. With regards to equity, the majority component of equity belongs to the retained earnings which stand at 17,601 trillion yen out of the total shareholder equity of 18,123 trillion yen. Further considering the debt and equity as on March 31, 2017, it is apparent that the debt equity ratio of company is quite healthy ( 0.75 ) which allows the company to raise additional debt financing (TMC, 2017). Equity One of the mechanisms to raise equity is through the issue of AA class shares. These were first issued in the year 2015 and the relevant details are summarised below (TMC, 2017). The company has not raised any incremental capital in the last three financial year through the issue of common stock as indicated from the table below (TMC, 2017). However, the company tends to raise some funding through the issue of treasury stock as indicated below (TMC, 2017). However, typically only a limited financing is done in this manner and also these shares are repurchased from time to time and also some are retired. Debt The short term debt for the company comprises of bank loans and also commercial paper, the details of which are as highlighted below (TMC, 2017). The long term debt for the company consists of the following (TMC, 2017). Unsecured loans from banks Secured loans from banks Medium term notes issued by consolidated subsidiaries Unsecured notes issued by the parent company Unsecured notes issued by consolidated subsidiaries Secured notes issued by consolidated subsidiaries Capital lease obligations (long term) The break-up of the long term debt is indicated below (TMC, 2017). It is also apparent from the above details that the debt is floating and not fixed which is apparent from the altering interest rate from year to year. The currency breakup of the long term debt as on March 31, 2017 is indicated below (TMC, 2017). US Dollars (51%) Japanese Yen (11%) Australian Dollar (10%) Euros (9%) Other Currency (19%) Additionally, the expected amount due for maturity in the next five years for the company is as highlighted below (TMC, 2017). Reference TMC (2017), SEC Filings- Form 20-F, TMC website, [Online] available at https://www.toyota-global.com/pages/contents/investors/ir_library/sec/pdf/20-F_201703_final.pdf [Accessed August 22, 2017]